{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:flow-battery",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "Flow battery",
    "properties": {
      "id": "flow-battery",
      "name": "Flow battery",
      "aka": [
        "vanadium redox flow battery",
        "VRFB"
      ],
      "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
      "definition": "A battery whose energy is stored in liquid electrolytes held in external tanks and pumped through a reaction stack. Energy and power scale independently, which suits long-duration grid storage; vanadium is the most developed chemistry.",
      "related": [
        "stationary-storage",
        "long-duration-storage",
        "redox-reaction",
        "fuel-cell"
      ],
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/flow-battery/",
      "mentions": []
    }
  },
  "edges": [
    {
      "id": "edge:798",
      "source": "term:flow-battery",
      "target": "topic:topic-other-chemistries",
      "type": "belongsTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:799",
      "source": "term:flow-battery",
      "target": "term:stationary-storage",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:800",
      "source": "term:flow-battery",
      "target": "term:long-duration-storage",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:801",
      "source": "term:flow-battery",
      "target": "term:redox-reaction",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:802",
      "source": "term:flow-battery",
      "target": "term:fuel-cell",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:803",
      "source": "term:flow-battery",
      "target": "reference:doe-storage",
      "type": "cites",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "wiki-references.json",
        "scope": "direct technical reference"
      }
    }
  ],
  "neighbors": [
    {
      "id": "topic:topic-other-chemistries",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Other and emerging chemistries",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "name": "Other and emerging chemistries",
        "lede": "Batteries beyond today’s lithium-ion: lead, nickel and primary cells, flow and metal–air batteries, solid-state and lithium-metal cells, and the multivalent and sodium chemistries in development.",
        "context": "Do not carry lithium-ion assumptions into every chemistry.",
        "example": "Two chemistries can meet the same energy target with different voltage windows and charge termination.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/cell-anatomy/",
        "lesson_label": "Open cell anatomy"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:stationary-storage",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Stationary storage",
      "properties": {
        "id": "stationary-storage",
        "name": "Stationary storage",
        "abbr": "BESS",
        "aka": [
          "battery energy storage system",
          "ESS"
        ],
        "section": "topic-applications",
        "definition": "Batteries installed in a fixed place — a container at a solar farm, a cabinet in a home — to shift energy in time or support the grid. LFP cells dominate because cost per cycle and safety matter more than mass.",
        "related": [
          "lfp",
          "energy-management-system",
          "inverter",
          "energy-arbitrage",
          "long-duration-storage",
          "ul-9540a"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/stationary-storage/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:long-duration-storage",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Long-duration energy storage",
      "properties": {
        "id": "long-duration-storage",
        "name": "Long-duration energy storage",
        "abbr": "LDES",
        "section": "topic-applications",
        "definition": "Storage that discharges for eight hours or more, filling gaps that lithium-ion’s one-to-four-hour systems leave. Flow, iron–air and thermal technologies compete for it by making energy capacity cheap even when power is not.",
        "related": [
          "stationary-storage",
          "flow-battery",
          "e-rate",
          "levelized-cost-of-storage"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/long-duration-storage/",
        "mentions": []
      }
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    {
      "id": "term:redox-reaction",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Redox reaction",
      "properties": {
        "id": "redox-reaction",
        "name": "Redox reaction",
        "section": "topic-electrochemistry",
        "definition": "A reaction in which electrons move from one species to another: one is oxidised, the other reduced. A battery separates the two halves onto two electrodes so the electrons must travel through the external circuit.",
        "related": [
          "oxidation",
          "reduction",
          "half-reaction",
          "electrode-potential",
          "galvanic-cell"
        ],
        "lesson": "labs/battery-materials-lab/#bml-aqueous-mechanism",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/redox-reaction/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:fuel-cell",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Fuel cell",
      "properties": {
        "id": "fuel-cell",
        "name": "Fuel cell",
        "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "definition": "An electrochemical converter that makes electricity from a fuel, usually hydrogen, and oxygen as long as both are supplied, rather than storing energy in its electrodes. Fuel-cell vehicles still carry a battery to buffer power.",
        "related": [
          "flow-battery",
          "hybrid-vehicle",
          "redox-reaction"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/fuel-cell/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "reference:doe-storage",
      "type": "Reference",
      "label": "DOE/EPRI 2013 Electricity Storage Handbook in Collaboration with NRECA",
      "properties": {
        "title": "DOE/EPRI 2013 Electricity Storage Handbook in Collaboration with NRECA",
        "publisher": "Sandia National Laboratories",
        "url": "https://www.sandia.gov/ess/publications/eshb/doe-epri-nreca",
        "type": "Technical handbook",
        "scope": "Storage technologies and grid services. The publisher notes that its historical cost and deployment figures are outdated.",
        "year": 2013,
        "accessed": "2026-10-27"
      }
    }
  ]
}