{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:electrolytic-cell",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "Electrolytic cell",
    "properties": {
      "id": "electrolytic-cell",
      "name": "Electrolytic cell",
      "section": "topic-electrochemistry",
      "definition": "An electrochemical cell in which an external power source drives a reaction that would not run on its own, as in water electrolysis or aluminium production. A rechargeable battery becomes one while charging; oxidation then occurs at the positive electrode, which is why calling that electrode the cathode is strictly correct only on discharge.",
      "related": [
        "galvanic-cell",
        "charge",
        "redox-reaction",
        "positive-electrode",
        "cathode",
        "faradays-law"
      ],
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/electrolytic-cell/",
      "mentions": [
        "electrode",
        "secondary-cell",
        "oxidation"
      ]
    }
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      "id": "edge:6696",
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      "id": "edge:6697",
      "source": "term:electrolytic-cell",
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      "id": "edge:6699",
      "source": "term:electrolytic-cell",
      "target": "term:positive-electrode",
      "type": "relatedTo",
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        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
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      "id": "edge:6700",
      "source": "term:electrolytic-cell",
      "target": "term:cathode",
      "type": "relatedTo",
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        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
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      "id": "edge:6701",
      "source": "term:electrolytic-cell",
      "target": "term:faradays-law",
      "type": "relatedTo",
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        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
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      "id": "edge:mentions/electrolytic-cell/electrode",
      "source": "term:electrolytic-cell",
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      "id": "edge:mentions/electrolytic-cell/secondary-cell",
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      "id": "topic:topic-electrochemistry",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Electrochemistry fundamentals",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-electrochemistry",
        "name": "Electrochemistry fundamentals",
        "lede": "The reactions and potentials that make a cell a battery.",
        "context": "Connect reaction sites and transport paths.",
        "example": "A circuit can predict terminal voltage while leaving electrode potentials and reaction kinetics unresolved.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/cell-anatomy/",
        "lesson_label": "Open cell anatomy"
      }
    },
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      "id": "term:galvanic-cell",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Galvanic cell",
      "properties": {
        "id": "galvanic-cell",
        "name": "Galvanic cell",
        "aka": [
          "voltaic cell",
          "electrochemical cell"
        ],
        "section": "topic-electrochemistry",
        "definition": "Any device that turns the free energy of a spontaneous redox reaction into electrical work by separating its two half-reactions onto two electrodes. A battery is one or more galvanic cells; when charged it runs as an electrolytic cell.",
        "related": [
          "redox-reaction",
          "half-reaction",
          "cell-voltage",
          "secondary-cell"
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        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/galvanic-cell/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrolytic-cell"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:charge",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Charge",
      "properties": {
        "id": "charge",
        "name": "Charge",
        "aka": [
          "charging"
        ],
        "section": "topic-charging",
        "definition": "Driving current into a cell so that lithium ions leave the positive electrode and are stored in the negative one, raising the cell voltage. It needs an external supply at a voltage above the cell’s own.",
        "related": [
          "discharge",
          "cc-cv-charging",
          "cutoff-voltage",
          "charger",
          "charging-modes"
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        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/charge/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "positive-electrode",
          "cell-voltage"
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      "id": "term:redox-reaction",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Redox reaction",
      "properties": {
        "id": "redox-reaction",
        "name": "Redox reaction",
        "section": "topic-electrochemistry",
        "definition": "A reaction in which electrons move from one species to another: one is oxidised, the other reduced. A battery separates the two halves onto two electrodes so the electrons must travel through the external circuit.",
        "related": [
          "oxidation",
          "reduction",
          "half-reaction",
          "electrode-potential",
          "galvanic-cell"
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        "lesson": "labs/battery-materials-lab/#bml-aqueous-mechanism",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/redox-reaction/",
        "mentions": []
      }
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    {
      "id": "term:positive-electrode",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Positive electrode",
      "properties": {
        "id": "positive-electrode",
        "name": "Positive electrode",
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "The electrode at the higher potential: a lithium metal oxide or phosphate coated on aluminium foil. It is the lithium source when a cell is built, and industry calls it the cathode.",
        "related": [
          "cathode",
          "cathode-active-material",
          "negative-electrode",
          "aluminium-foil"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-anatomy/#anode-cathode",
        "example": {
          "title": "Polarity and reaction",
          "text": "The positive electrode retains its polarity label while its electrochemical reaction reverses between charge and discharge."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/positive-electrode/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:cathode",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Cathode",
      "properties": {
        "id": "cathode",
        "name": "Cathode",
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "The electrode where reduction happens: the positive electrode on discharge, the negative one on charge. In industry usage, “cathode” means the positive electrode and its material, whatever the cell is doing.",
        "related": [
          "positive-electrode",
          "anode",
          "reduction",
          "cathode-active-material"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-anatomy/#anode-cathode",
        "example": {
          "title": "Check the reaction",
          "text": "During discharge, the positive electrode is the cathode because reduction occurs there. Charging moves reduction to the negative electrode."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/cathode/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:faradays-law",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Faraday’s law of electrolysis",
      "properties": {
        "id": "faradays-law",
        "name": "Faraday’s law of electrolysis",
        "section": "topic-electrochemistry",
        "definition": "The amount of substance transformed at an electrode is proportional to the charge passed: one mole of electrons per Faraday. It converts a material’s formula into its theoretical capacity in mAh/g.",
        "formula": "m = Q·M / (n·F)",
        "related": [
          "faradays-constant",
          "theoretical-capacity",
          "specific-capacity"
        ],
        "example": {
          "title": "Convert charge to ideal deposited mass",
          "text": "For a hypothetical one-electron species with molar mass 50 g/mol, transferring 1 Ah = 3600 C corresponds to about 1.87 g at 100% Faradaic efficiency. Side reactions reduce the intended deposited amount."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/faradays-law/",
        "mentions": [
          "milliampere-hour",
          "electrode"
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      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:electrode",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Electrode",
      "properties": {
        "id": "electrode",
        "name": "Electrode",
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "A solid conductor where the cell’s reaction happens, in contact with the electrolyte. A lithium-ion cell has a negative electrode and a positive electrode, each a porous coating on a metal foil.",
        "related": [
          "negative-electrode",
          "positive-electrode",
          "porous-electrode",
          "current-collector"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-anatomy/#components",
        "example": {
          "title": "Two transport paths",
          "text": "Electrons need connected solid paths to the collector; ions need electrolyte paths to reaction sites. More of one constituent displaces others at fixed volume."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/electrode/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrolyte",
          "coating"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:secondary-cell",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Secondary cell",
      "properties": {
        "id": "secondary-cell",
        "name": "Secondary cell",
        "aka": [
          "rechargeable battery"
        ],
        "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "definition": "A cell whose reaction runs in both directions, so it can be recharged by driving current back into it. Lithium-ion, lead–acid and nickel–metal hydride are all secondary chemistries.",
        "related": [
          "primary-cell",
          "cycle",
          "lithium-ion"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/secondary-cell/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:oxidation",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Oxidation",
      "properties": {
        "id": "oxidation",
        "name": "Oxidation",
        "section": "topic-electrochemistry",
        "definition": "Loss of electrons by a species. On discharge the negative electrode is oxidised as lithium leaves it as Li⁺, which is why that electrode is called the anode.",
        "related": [
          "reduction",
          "anode",
          "redox-reaction"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/oxidation/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "negative-electrode"
        ]
      }
    }
  ]
}