{
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    "id": "term:electrolyte-additive",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "Electrolyte additive",
    "properties": {
      "id": "electrolyte-additive",
      "name": "Electrolyte additive",
      "aka": [
        "VC",
        "FEC"
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      "section": "topic-electrolytes",
      "definition": "A compound added to the electrolyte at a few percent to improve one property — vinylene carbonate and fluoroethylene carbonate build a tougher SEI, others suppress gassing or overcharge. Additive packages are among a cell maker’s closest secrets.",
      "related": [
        "electrolyte",
        "sei",
        "formation",
        "gas-generation",
        "libob"
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      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/electrolyte-additive/",
      "mentions": [
        "overcharge",
        "vc",
        "fec"
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    }
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      "id": "topic:topic-electrolytes",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Electrolytes and separators",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-electrolytes",
        "name": "Electrolytes and separators",
        "lede": "What sits between the electrodes: liquid, gel and solid electrolytes, their salts, solvents and additives, and the separator that keeps the electrodes apart.",
        "context": "Connect transport with electronic isolation.",
        "example": "Greater liquid uptake may improve wetting while changing mechanical behavior. Several properties define separator performance.",
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          "title": "Ions and electrons",
          "text": "Electrolyte carries ions between electrodes; the external circuit carries electrons. The two paths serve different roles."
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        "mentions": [
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      "id": "term:sei",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Solid–electrolyte interphase",
      "properties": {
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        "name": "Solid–electrolyte interphase",
        "abbr": "SEI",
        "section": "topic-aging",
        "definition": "A film of electrolyte reaction products on the negative-electrode particles — graphite, and also silicon or lithium metal. It protects the electrode from further reaction but grows slowly for the whole life of the cell, consuming cyclable lithium.",
        "related": [
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      "id": "term:formation",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Formation",
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        "name": "Formation",
        "section": "topic-manufacturing",
        "definition": "The first controlled charge and discharge cycles of a newly assembled cell, during which the SEI forms. It is part of cell production, before aging and grading.",
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          "first-cycle-loss",
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          "title": "Distinguish first finishing cycles",
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        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/formation/",
        "mentions": [
          "cell-production"
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    },
    {
      "id": "term:gas-generation",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Gas generation",
      "properties": {
        "id": "gas-generation",
        "name": "Gas generation",
        "aka": [
          "gassing"
        ],
        "section": "topic-aging",
        "definition": "Formation of gases — ethylene, hydrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide — by electrolyte decomposition, mostly during formation and later under high voltage or temperature. In a pouch cell it shows as swelling; in a can it raises pressure until the vent opens.",
        "related": [
          "swelling",
          "degassing",
          "electrolyte-decomposition",
          "vent",
          "formation"
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        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/gas-generation/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrolyte",
          "pouch-cell"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:libob",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Lithium bis(oxalato)borate",
      "properties": {
        "id": "libob",
        "name": "Lithium bis(oxalato)borate",
        "abbr": "LiBOB",
        "aka": [
          "LiDFOB"
        ],
        "section": "topic-electrolytes",
        "definition": "A borate salt used as an additive at a few percent to stabilise the SEI and the aluminium collector at high voltage and temperature; LiDFOB is its fluorinated relative with better solubility.",
        "related": [
          "electrolyte-additive",
          "lipf6",
          "sei"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/libob/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:overcharge",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Overcharge",
      "properties": {
        "id": "overcharge",
        "name": "Overcharge",
        "section": "topic-charging",
        "definition": "Charging past the upper cutoff voltage. The positive electrode over-delithiates and releases oxygen, the electrolyte oxidises and lithium plates on the negative, so an unprotected overcharge can end in thermal runaway.",
        "related": [
          "cutoff-voltage",
          "thermal-runaway",
          "bms",
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        "mentions": [
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          "positive-electrode",
          "electrolyte"
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      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:vc",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Vinylene carbonate",
      "properties": {
        "id": "vc",
        "name": "Vinylene carbonate",
        "abbr": "VC",
        "section": "topic-electrolytes",
        "definition": "The most common SEI-forming additive, used at 1–3 %. It is reduced before the solvent on the first charge and polymerises into a thinner, more flexible SEI that lengthens cycle life.",
        "related": [
          "electrolyte-additive",
          "sei",
          "fec",
          "formation"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/vc/",
        "mentions": [
          "cycle-life"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:fec",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Fluoroethylene carbonate",
      "properties": {
        "id": "fec",
        "name": "Fluoroethylene carbonate",
        "abbr": "FEC",
        "section": "topic-electrolytes",
        "definition": "A fluorinated additive, sometimes a co-solvent, that forms a lithium-fluoride-rich SEI able to survive the large volume changes of silicon and lithium-metal electrodes. It is almost universal in silicon-blend cells.",
        "related": [
          "electrolyte-additive",
          "vc",
          "silicon-anode",
          "sei"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/fec/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "reference:xu-electrolytes",
      "type": "Reference",
      "label": "Electrolytes and Interphases in Li-Ion Batteries and Beyond",
      "properties": {
        "title": "Electrolytes and Interphases in Li-Ion Batteries and Beyond",
        "publisher": "Chemical Reviews",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/cr500003w",
        "type": "Review article",
        "scope": "Electrolyte salts, solvents, additives and electrode interphases.",
        "year": 2014,
        "authors": [
          "Kang Xu"
        ],
        "accessed": "2026-10-27"
      }
    }
  ]
}