{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:electrical-breakdown",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "Electrical breakdown",
    "properties": {
      "id": "electrical-breakdown",
      "name": "Electrical breakdown",
      "aka": [
        "dielectric breakdown",
        "breakdown voltage",
        "dielectric strength"
      ],
      "section": "topic-hvsafety",
      "definition": "The sudden failure of an insulator to block current once the electric field exceeds its dielectric strength, about 3 kV/mm for air at sea level and far higher for solid films. In 800 V drives, partial discharges in voids, driven by fast inverter switching edges, can erode insulation until it fails at normal voltage.",
      "related": [
        "clearance",
        "insulation-resistance",
        "insulation-test",
        "arcing",
        "creepage-distance"
      ],
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/electrical-breakdown/",
      "mentions": [
        "inverter"
      ]
    }
  },
  "edges": [
    {
      "id": "edge:5068",
      "source": "term:electrical-breakdown",
      "target": "topic:topic-hvsafety",
      "type": "belongsTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5069",
      "source": "term:electrical-breakdown",
      "target": "term:clearance",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5070",
      "source": "term:electrical-breakdown",
      "target": "term:insulation-resistance",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5071",
      "source": "term:electrical-breakdown",
      "target": "term:insulation-test",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5072",
      "source": "term:electrical-breakdown",
      "target": "term:arcing",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5073",
      "source": "term:electrical-breakdown",
      "target": "term:creepage-distance",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/electrical-breakdown/inverter",
      "source": "term:electrical-breakdown",
      "target": "term:inverter",
      "type": "mentions",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions",
        "field": "definition",
        "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
      }
    }
  ],
  "neighbors": [
    {
      "id": "topic:topic-hvsafety",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "High-voltage and functional safety",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-hvsafety",
        "name": "High-voltage and functional safety",
        "lede": "Keeping people safe from the pack’s voltage and keeping its electronics safe when they fail: insulation, switching, fusing and the functional-safety process.",
        "context": "Relate protection to faults, detection and response.",
        "example": "Normal-operation current limits do not demonstrate correct contactor behavior under a welded-contact or sensor fault.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/battery-basics/",
        "lesson_label": "Open battery basics"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:clearance",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Clearance",
      "properties": {
        "id": "clearance",
        "name": "Clearance",
        "aka": [
          "clearance distance",
          "air gap"
        ],
        "section": "topic-hvsafety",
        "definition": "The shortest distance through air between two conductive parts at different potentials. It is sized for the highest transient voltage the insulation must withstand, since air breaks down at roughly 3 kV/mm, and must grow above 2000 m altitude where thinner air breaks down sooner. IEC 60664-1 sets the values for most electronics.",
        "related": [
          "creepage-distance",
          "electrical-breakdown",
          "voltage-class",
          "comparative-tracking-index",
          "insulation-test"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/clearance/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:insulation-resistance",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Insulation resistance",
      "properties": {
        "id": "insulation-resistance",
        "name": "Insulation resistance",
        "aka": [
          "isolation resistance",
          "IMD"
        ],
        "section": "topic-hvsafety",
        "definition": "The resistance between the high-voltage circuit and the vehicle chassis, which must stay above about 100 Ω per volt of pack voltage so a person touching the chassis is safe. An insulation monitoring device measures it continuously.",
        "unit": "Ω/V",
        "related": [
          "pack-voltage",
          "high-voltage-interlock",
          "functional-safety",
          "insulation-test"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/insulation-resistance/",
        "mentions": [
          "volt"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:insulation-test",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Insulation resistance test",
      "properties": {
        "id": "insulation-test",
        "name": "Insulation resistance test",
        "aka": [
          "hipot test",
          "dielectric strength test"
        ],
        "section": "topic-testing",
        "definition": "Applying a high DC or AC voltage between the high-voltage circuit and the chassis or housing to verify that insulation holds, with the leakage current below a limit. It is done on every pack at end of line and after abuse tests in R100.",
        "related": [
          "insulation-resistance",
          "un-r100-part-2",
          "high-voltage-interlock",
          "end-of-line-testing"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/insulation-test/",
        "mentions": [
          "un-r100"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:arcing",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Arcing",
      "properties": {
        "id": "arcing",
        "name": "Arcing",
        "aka": [
          "electric arc",
          "DC arc"
        ],
        "section": "topic-hvsafety",
        "definition": "Current continuing through ionised gas across a gap, typically between contacts as they separate. An AC arc goes out by itself at each current zero, a hundred times a second at 50 Hz; a DC arc has no zero and keeps burning until it is stretched and cooled so far that its voltage exceeds the source’s, which makes high-voltage DC far harder to interrupt.",
        "related": [
          "contactor-arc-suppression",
          "arc-flash",
          "contactor",
          "fuse",
          "direct-current",
          "electrical-breakdown"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/arcing/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:creepage-distance",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Creepage distance",
      "properties": {
        "id": "creepage-distance",
        "name": "Creepage distance",
        "aka": [
          "creepage",
          "surface distance"
        ],
        "section": "topic-hvsafety",
        "definition": "The shortest path between two conductors measured along the surface of the insulation between them. Moisture and dirt on that surface can carry leakage current and tracking, so the required distance grows with working voltage, pollution and a poorer tracking index: at 400 V and pollution degree 2, basic insulation needs about 2 mm on a group I material but 4 mm on group III.",
        "related": [
          "clearance",
          "comparative-tracking-index",
          "electrical-breakdown",
          "voltage-class",
          "insulation-resistance"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/creepage-distance/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:inverter",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Inverter",
      "properties": {
        "id": "inverter",
        "name": "Inverter",
        "aka": [
          "power conversion system",
          "PCS"
        ],
        "section": "topic-pack",
        "definition": "The power electronics that turn the battery’s DC into AC for a motor or the grid, and back again for charging. In stationary storage it is called the power conversion system and its rating in kW or MW sets the system’s power independently of the battery’s energy.",
        "related": [
          "pre-charge",
          "dc-dc-converter",
          "stationary-storage",
          "energy-management-system",
          "direct-current",
          "iec-62477-1"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/inverter/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    }
  ]
}