{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:electric-bus",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "Electric bus",
    "properties": {
      "id": "electric-bus",
      "name": "Electric bus",
      "abbr": "e-bus",
      "section": "topic-applications",
      "definition": "A battery-electric city or coach bus, with packs of 300–700 kWh on the roof and at the rear, LFP or NMC, charged overnight in the depot or at the terminus by pantograph. Its duty cycle — long hours, deep daily cycles, a twelve-year life — makes battery aging the central engineering question.",
      "related": [
        "depot-charging",
        "pantograph-charging",
        "vdv",
        "sort-cycle",
        "total-cost-of-ownership",
        "opportunity-charging"
      ],
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/electric-bus/",
      "mentions": [
        "kilowatt-hour"
      ]
    }
  },
  "edges": [
    {
      "id": "edge:71",
      "source": "term:electric-bus",
      "target": "workflow:depot-allocation",
      "type": "usedIn",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "wiki-blocks.json"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:3874",
      "source": "term:electric-bus",
      "target": "topic:topic-applications",
      "type": "belongsTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:3875",
      "source": "term:electric-bus",
      "target": "term:depot-charging",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:3876",
      "source": "term:electric-bus",
      "target": "term:pantograph-charging",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:3877",
      "source": "term:electric-bus",
      "target": "term:vdv",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:3878",
      "source": "term:electric-bus",
      "target": "term:sort-cycle",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:3879",
      "source": "term:electric-bus",
      "target": "term:total-cost-of-ownership",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:3880",
      "source": "term:electric-bus",
      "target": "term:opportunity-charging",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/electric-bus/kilowatt-hour",
      "source": "term:electric-bus",
      "target": "term:kilowatt-hour",
      "type": "mentions",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions",
        "field": "definition",
        "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
      }
    }
  ],
  "neighbors": [
    {
      "id": "workflow:depot-allocation",
      "type": "Workflow",
      "label": "Share a site supply",
      "properties": {
        "id": "depot-allocation",
        "title": "Share a site supply",
        "kind": "studio",
        "summary": "Multiple branches share one power cap.",
        "steps": [
          "Compare proportional and input-priority allocation.",
          "Lower the cap at fixed departure times."
        ],
        "example": "Three vehicles requesting 11 kW each under a 22 kW cap initially receive 7.33 kW each with proportional allocation.",
        "observe": "The site cap can hold while a vehicle misses its target.",
        "limits": "Downstream unused capacity is not silently redistributed.",
        "url": "https://design.lemonergy.com/cosim.html?example=charging-depot",
        "label": "Open the Studio example",
        "evidence": [
          "js/charging-control.js",
          "js/charging-scenarios.js",
          "docs/CHARGING_BLOCKS_SPEC.md"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "topic:topic-applications",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Applications and market",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-applications",
        "name": "Applications and market",
        "lede": "Where batteries are used, and the terms used to buy, size and compare them.",
        "context": "Start with mission energy, peak power and operating conditions.",
        "example": "20 kWh total energy and a ten-second 100 kW peak constrain different design aspects.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/capacity-and-c-rate/",
        "lesson_label": "Open energy and power"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:depot-charging",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Depot charging",
      "properties": {
        "id": "depot-charging",
        "name": "Depot charging",
        "aka": [
          "overnight charging"
        ],
        "section": "topic-infrastructure",
        "definition": "Charging a fleet of buses or trucks at the depot, usually overnight at 50–150 kW per vehicle, which keeps cell stress low and lets an energy-management system sequence the chargers against the site’s grid connection.",
        "related": [
          "electric-bus",
          "pantograph-charging",
          "energy-management-system",
          "vdv-261",
          "fast-charging",
          "smart-charging"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/depot-charging/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:pantograph-charging",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Pantograph charging",
      "properties": {
        "id": "pantograph-charging",
        "name": "Pantograph charging",
        "aka": [
          "OppCharge",
          "SAE J3105"
        ],
        "section": "topic-infrastructure",
        "definition": "Fast charging of a bus through an automatic contact on the roof — raised from the vehicle or lowered from a mast — at the terminus or en route, at 150–600 kW for a few minutes. It allows a smaller battery at the price of high-rate cycling and more infrastructure.",
        "related": [
          "electric-bus",
          "depot-charging",
          "fast-charging",
          "vdv-261",
          "charge-acceptance",
          "opportunity-charging"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/pantograph-charging/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:vdv",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "VDV",
      "properties": {
        "id": "vdv",
        "name": "VDV",
        "aka": [
          "Verband Deutscher Verkehrsunternehmen"
        ],
        "section": "topic-standards-vehicle",
        "definition": "The German association of public-transport operators, whose published recommendations — the VDV-Schriften — have become de-facto specifications for buses across Europe. Several define how electric buses, their batteries and their charging are specified, tested and operated.",
        "related": [
          "vdv-230",
          "vdv-261",
          "vdv-301",
          "vdv-238",
          "electric-bus"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/vdv/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:sort-cycle",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "SORT cycle",
      "properties": {
        "id": "sort-cycle",
        "name": "SORT cycle",
        "aka": [
          "UITP SORT",
          "Standardised On-Road Test"
        ],
        "section": "topic-applications",
        "definition": "The UITP’s three standardised drive cycles for measuring bus energy consumption: SORT 1 heavy urban, SORT 2 easy mixed, SORT 3 easy suburban. An electric bus’s rated range in a tender is usually quoted per SORT cycle, often with heating or cooling load added as E-SORT.",
        "related": [
          "vdv-238",
          "electric-bus",
          "range",
          "load-profile"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/sort-cycle/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:total-cost-of-ownership",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Total cost of ownership",
      "properties": {
        "id": "total-cost-of-ownership",
        "name": "Total cost of ownership",
        "abbr": "TCO",
        "section": "topic-applications",
        "definition": "Purchase price plus energy, maintenance and residual value over a vehicle’s or system’s life. For buses and trucks it is the figure that decides the case for batteries, because fuel and maintenance savings repay the higher purchase price.",
        "related": [
          "cost-per-kwh",
          "levelized-cost-of-storage",
          "second-life",
          "electric-bus"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/total-cost-of-ownership/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:opportunity-charging",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Opportunity charging",
      "properties": {
        "id": "opportunity-charging",
        "name": "Opportunity charging",
        "aka": [
          "en-route charging",
          "terminus charging"
        ],
        "section": "topic-infrastructure",
        "definition": "Topping up a vehicle in short, high-power bursts wherever it stops anyway — a bus at its terminus or at stops, a forklift at breaks — instead of carrying enough energy for the whole day. It allows a smaller, lighter battery, at the price of frequent high-rate cycling and of chargers along the route.",
        "related": [
          "pantograph-charging",
          "depot-charging",
          "fast-charging",
          "electric-bus",
          "charge-acceptance",
          "inductive-charging"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/opportunity-charging/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:kilowatt-hour",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Kilowatt-hour",
      "properties": {
        "id": "kilowatt-hour",
        "name": "Kilowatt-hour",
        "abbr": "kWh",
        "section": "topic-units",
        "definition": "One thousand watt-hours, the unit for pack and system energy. An electric car carries 40–100 kWh; grid storage is quoted in megawatt-hours (1000 kWh) and factory output in gigawatt-hours per year.",
        "unit": "kWh",
        "related": [
          "watt-hour",
          "nominal-energy",
          "cost-per-kwh",
          "gigafactory"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/kilowatt-hour/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    }
  ]
}