{
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      "definition": "The cyclic carbonate solvent that every graphite cell needs: it is reduced on the first charge into the stable SEI that lets graphite work at all. It is solid at room temperature, so it is always blended with linear carbonates.",
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      "id": "topic:topic-electrolytes",
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        "definition": "The organic liquids that dissolve the lithium salt: cyclic ethylene carbonate, which forms a stable SEI, blended with linear carbonates such as DMC or EMC to lower viscosity. All are flammable, which is a root of lithium-ion fire risk.",
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        "definition": "A film of electrolyte reaction products on the negative-electrode particles — graphite, and also silicon or lithium metal. It protects the electrode from further reaction but grows slowly for the whole life of the cell, consuming cyclable lithium.",
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      "id": "term:pc",
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      "label": "Propylene carbonate",
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        "section": "topic-electrolytes",
        "definition": "A cyclic carbonate with a wide liquid range and low freezing point, but one that co-intercalates into graphite and exfoliates it unless a good SEI is formed first. It is used in small amounts, in low-temperature blends and with non-graphite anodes.",
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    {
      "id": "term:dmc",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Dimethyl carbonate",
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        "definition": "A linear carbonate solvent, thin and volatile, blended with EC to cut viscosity and raise ionic conductivity. Its low boiling point, about 90 °C, is part of why cell electrolytes are flammable.",
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    },
    {
      "id": "term:graphite",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Graphite",
      "properties": {
        "id": "graphite",
        "name": "Graphite",
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "Layered carbon, the negative active material of nearly all lithium-ion cells. Lithium intercalates between its layers up to LiC₆, a theoretical 372 mAh/g, at a potential about 0.1 V above lithium metal.",
        "related": [
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        "example": {
          "title": "Compare matching mass bases",
          "text": "A graphite value per gram of active material cannot be directly compared with a value including binder, additive and foil."
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        "mentions": [
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    },
    {
      "id": "reference:xu-electrolytes",
      "type": "Reference",
      "label": "Electrolytes and Interphases in Li-Ion Batteries and Beyond",
      "properties": {
        "title": "Electrolytes and Interphases in Li-Ion Batteries and Beyond",
        "publisher": "Chemical Reviews",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/cr500003w",
        "type": "Review article",
        "scope": "Electrolyte salts, solvents, additives and electrode interphases.",
        "year": 2014,
        "authors": [
          "Kang Xu"
        ],
        "accessed": "2026-10-27"
      }
    }
  ]
}
