{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:due-diligence",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "Supply-chain due diligence",
    "properties": {
      "id": "due-diligence",
      "name": "Supply-chain due diligence",
      "section": "topic-sustainability",
      "definition": "The obligation on battery makers to identify and address human-rights and environmental risks in their raw-material supply chains, following OECD guidance, and now a legal requirement in the EU for cobalt, lithium, nickel and graphite.",
      "related": [
        "cobalt",
        "eu-battery-regulation",
        "critical-raw-materials",
        "battery-passport"
      ],
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/due-diligence/",
      "mentions": [
        "graphite"
      ]
    }
  },
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        "scope": "direct technical reference"
      }
    }
  ],
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      "id": "topic:topic-sustainability",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Supply chain and regulation",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-sustainability",
        "name": "Supply chain and regulation",
        "lede": "Where the materials come from, what a battery’s carbon footprint is, and the rules that govern it from mine to market.",
        "context": "Keep boundaries, dates, geography and units.",
        "example": "Carbon footprints can be compared only with compatible boundaries and functional units.",
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        "lesson_label": "Open production context"
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      "id": "term:cobalt",
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      "label": "Cobalt",
      "properties": {
        "id": "cobalt",
        "name": "Cobalt",
        "section": "topic-sustainability",
        "definition": "The metal that stabilises layered-oxide cathodes, mined largely in the Democratic Republic of Congo under scrutiny for working conditions. Its price and ethics have driven the industry from LCO and NMC111 towards high-nickel and cobalt-free LFP.",
        "related": [
          "nmc",
          "lco",
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          "critical-raw-materials",
          "due-diligence"
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        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/cobalt/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:eu-battery-regulation",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "EU Battery Regulation",
      "properties": {
        "id": "eu-battery-regulation",
        "name": "EU Battery Regulation",
        "aka": [
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        ],
        "section": "topic-sustainability",
        "definition": "The European law, in force since 2023, that governs batteries over their whole life: carbon-footprint declarations, recycled-content minimums, due diligence on raw materials, performance and durability requirements, removability, the battery passport and collection and recycling targets.",
        "related": [
          "battery-passport",
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        "mentions": [
          "collection-target"
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      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:critical-raw-materials",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Critical raw materials",
      "properties": {
        "id": "critical-raw-materials",
        "name": "Critical raw materials",
        "section": "topic-sustainability",
        "definition": "Materials that an economy depends on and whose supply is concentrated or at risk: for batteries, lithium, cobalt, nickel, natural graphite and manganese. The EU and US both list them and attach sourcing and recycling targets.",
        "related": [
          "lithium-carbonate",
          "cobalt",
          "natural-graphite",
          "eu-battery-regulation",
          "recycling"
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        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/critical-raw-materials/",
        "mentions": [
          "graphite",
          "manganese"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:battery-passport",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Battery passport",
      "properties": {
        "id": "battery-passport",
        "name": "Battery passport",
        "section": "topic-sustainability",
        "definition": "A digital record for each electric-vehicle and industrial battery, required in the EU from 2027, holding its composition, carbon footprint, due-diligence data, state of health and repair history, accessible by QR code.",
        "related": [
          "eu-battery-regulation",
          "traceability",
          "carbon-footprint",
          "state-of-health",
          "recycled-content",
          "battery-pack-aadhaar-number"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/battery-passport/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:graphite",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Graphite",
      "properties": {
        "id": "graphite",
        "name": "Graphite",
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "Layered carbon, the negative active material of nearly all lithium-ion cells. Lithium intercalates between its layers up to LiC₆, a theoretical 372 mAh/g, at a potential about 0.1 V above lithium metal.",
        "related": [
          "anode-active-material",
          "intercalation",
          "natural-graphite",
          "synthetic-graphite",
          "lithium-plating"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-anatomy/#components",
        "example": {
          "title": "Compare matching mass bases",
          "text": "A graphite value per gram of active material cannot be directly compared with a value including binder, additive and foil."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/graphite/",
        "mentions": [
          "milliampere-hour",
          "active-material"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "reference:eu-batteries",
      "type": "Reference",
      "label": "Regulation (EU) 2023/1542 concerning batteries and waste batteries",
      "properties": {
        "title": "Regulation (EU) 2023/1542 concerning batteries and waste batteries",
        "publisher": "European Union / EUR-Lex",
        "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32023R1542",
        "type": "Regulation",
        "scope": "Battery sustainability, information, waste management and battery passport provisions. Consult the current consolidated text and applicable implementing acts.",
        "year": 2023,
        "accessed": "2026-10-27"
      }
    }
  ]
}