{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:drying",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "Drying",
    "properties": {
      "id": "drying",
      "name": "Drying",
      "section": "topic-manufacturing",
      "definition": "Evaporating the solvent from the wet coating in an oven tens of metres long. Drying too fast drives binder to the surface and weakens adhesion to the foil; it is the most energy-hungry step in the plant.",
      "related": [
        "coating",
        "nmp",
        "solvent-recovery",
        "binder-migration",
        "calendering"
      ],
      "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-production/#electrodes",
      "example": {
        "title": "Identify what the measurement proves",
        "text": "Final coating mass alone does not prove uniform binder distribution or acceptable residual moisture."
      },
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/drying/",
      "mentions": [
        "binder"
      ]
    }
  },
  "edges": [
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      "source": "term:drying",
      "target": "topic:topic-manufacturing",
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    {
      "id": "edge:2289",
      "source": "term:drying",
      "target": "term:coating",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:2290",
      "source": "term:drying",
      "target": "term:nmp",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:2291",
      "source": "term:drying",
      "target": "term:solvent-recovery",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:2292",
      "source": "term:drying",
      "target": "term:binder-migration",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:2293",
      "source": "term:drying",
      "target": "term:calendering",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/drying/binder",
      "source": "term:drying",
      "target": "term:binder",
      "type": "mentions",
      "properties": {
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        "method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions",
        "field": "definition",
        "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
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      "id": "edge:2295",
      "source": "term:drying",
      "target": "lesson:fundamentals/cell-production/",
      "type": "explainedIn",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/cell-production/#electrodes"
      }
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      "id": "edge:2296",
      "source": "term:drying",
      "target": "reference:liu-manufacturing",
      "type": "cites",
      "properties": {
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        "scope": "direct technical reference"
      }
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  "neighbors": [
    {
      "id": "topic:topic-manufacturing",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Manufacturing",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-manufacturing",
        "name": "Manufacturing",
        "lede": "The steps that turn powders and foils into a finished cell, in production order.",
        "context": "Place operations and quality checks in process order.",
        "example": "An electrode can meet coating mass targets but fail adhesion or moisture checks later.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/cell-production/",
        "lesson_label": "Open production"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:coating",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Coating",
      "properties": {
        "id": "coating",
        "name": "Coating",
        "section": "topic-manufacturing",
        "definition": "Applying slurry to the moving foil at a controlled wet thickness, usually with a slot die, often on both sides. Coating weight per area must be held within about one percent across the web, because every downstream property depends on it.",
        "related": [
          "slot-die",
          "areal-loading",
          "drying",
          "electrode-manufacturing"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-production/#electrodes",
        "example": {
          "title": "Wet and dry thickness differ",
          "text": "Wet coating includes solvent. Dry thickness also depends on retained solids and resulting structure."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/coating/",
        "mentions": [
          "slurry"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:nmp",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "NMP",
      "properties": {
        "id": "nmp",
        "name": "NMP",
        "aka": [
          "N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone"
        ],
        "section": "topic-manufacturing",
        "definition": "The solvent that dissolves PVDF binder for positive-electrode slurries. It is toxic and regulated, so plants recover and distil nearly all of it; eliminating it is a main motivation for dry electrode processes.",
        "related": [
          "pvdf",
          "slurry",
          "solvent-recovery",
          "dry-electrode"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/nmp/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "binder"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:solvent-recovery",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Solvent recovery",
      "properties": {
        "id": "solvent-recovery",
        "name": "Solvent recovery",
        "section": "topic-manufacturing",
        "definition": "Condensing the NMP evaporated in the dryer and distilling it for reuse. It is required by law for emissions and makes economic sense, but adds a large plant alongside the coating line.",
        "related": [
          "nmp",
          "drying",
          "dry-electrode"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/solvent-recovery/",
        "mentions": [
          "coating"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:binder-migration",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Binder migration",
      "properties": {
        "id": "binder-migration",
        "name": "Binder migration",
        "section": "topic-manufacturing",
        "definition": "Binder carried to the top of the coating by evaporating solvent during fast drying, leaving the foil interface binder-poor. The result is weak adhesion and higher resistance; it is controlled by drying profile and slurry formulation.",
        "related": [
          "drying",
          "binder",
          "delamination",
          "coating"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/binder-migration/",
        "mentions": [
          "slurry"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:calendering",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Calendering",
      "properties": {
        "id": "calendering",
        "name": "Calendering",
        "section": "topic-manufacturing",
        "definition": "Compressing a dried electrode coating between rollers to set its thickness, density and porosity. It is one of the electrode-making steps in cell production.",
        "related": [
          "porosity",
          "electrode-density",
          "drying",
          "slitting"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-production/#electrodes",
        "example": {
          "title": "Connect thickness and density",
          "text": "At fixed mass and area, reducing thickness raises bulk density. The pore structure still needs to support wetting and transport."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/calendering/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "cell-production",
          "coating"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:binder",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Binder",
      "properties": {
        "id": "binder",
        "name": "Binder",
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "A polymer that holds electrode particles to each other and to the foil — typically PVDF for positive electrodes and CMC with SBR for graphite. It stores no charge, so cell designers use as little as the electrode needs.",
        "related": [
          "active-material",
          "conductive-additive",
          "slurry",
          "pvdf",
          "nmp",
          "paa"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-architecture/#composite",
        "example": {
          "title": "Balance coating functions",
          "text": "Increasing binder fraction at fixed coating mass leaves less mass for active material and conductive additive. Adhesion and capacity are separate design considerations."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/binder/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "graphite",
          "cmc",
          "sbr"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "lesson:fundamentals/cell-production/",
      "type": "Lesson",
      "label": "Lesson 3 · Cell production",
      "properties": {
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/cell-production/"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "reference:liu-manufacturing",
      "type": "Reference",
      "label": "Current and future lithium-ion battery manufacturing",
      "properties": {
        "title": "Current and future lithium-ion battery manufacturing",
        "publisher": "iScience",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2021.102332",
        "type": "Review article",
        "scope": "Electrode preparation, cell assembly, formation and manufacturing trade-offs.",
        "year": 2021,
        "authors": [
          "Yangtao Liu",
          "Ruihan Zhang",
          "Jun Wang",
          "Yan Wang"
        ],
        "accessed": "2026-10-27"
      }
    }
  ]
}