{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:dry-electrode",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "Dry electrode process",
    "properties": {
      "id": "dry-electrode",
      "name": "Dry electrode process",
      "aka": [
        "dry coating",
        "solvent-free electrode"
      ],
      "section": "topic-manufacturing",
      "definition": "A way of making electrodes without solvent: the powders are mixed with a binder that draws out into fine fibres under shear, and the resulting film is pressed onto the foil. It removes the slurry, the dryer and solvent recovery.",
      "related": [
        "ptfe",
        "nmp",
        "drying",
        "coating"
      ],
      "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-production/#electrodes",
      "example": {
        "title": "Keep process scope clear",
        "text": "A solvent-free electrode step does not make every other assembly and finishing step solvent-free or unnecessary."
      },
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/dry-electrode/",
      "mentions": [
        "binder",
        "slurry",
        "solvent-recovery"
      ]
    }
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      "id": "edge:2530",
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        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
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      "id": "edge:2532",
      "source": "term:dry-electrode",
      "target": "term:coating",
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        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
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      "id": "edge:mentions/dry-electrode/binder",
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      "target": "term:binder",
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      "target": "term:solvent-recovery",
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      "id": "edge:2536",
      "source": "term:dry-electrode",
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      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/cell-production/#electrodes"
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    {
      "id": "edge:2537",
      "source": "term:dry-electrode",
      "target": "reference:liu-manufacturing",
      "type": "cites",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "wiki-references.json",
        "scope": "direct technical reference"
      }
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    {
      "id": "topic:topic-manufacturing",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Manufacturing",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-manufacturing",
        "name": "Manufacturing",
        "lede": "The steps that turn powders and foils into a finished cell, in production order.",
        "context": "Place operations and quality checks in process order.",
        "example": "An electrode can meet coating mass targets but fail adhesion or moisture checks later.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/cell-production/",
        "lesson_label": "Open production"
      }
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      "id": "term:ptfe",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "PTFE",
      "properties": {
        "id": "ptfe",
        "name": "PTFE",
        "aka": [
          "polytetrafluoroethylene",
          "Teflon"
        ],
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "The fluoropolymer binder of dry electrode processes: under shear its particles draw out into fine fibrils that web the active material together without any solvent. It is unstable at the low potential of graphite, which complicates dry negative electrodes.",
        "related": [
          "dry-electrode",
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          "electrode",
          "active-material",
          "graphite"
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    {
      "id": "term:nmp",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "NMP",
      "properties": {
        "id": "nmp",
        "name": "NMP",
        "aka": [
          "N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone"
        ],
        "section": "topic-manufacturing",
        "definition": "The solvent that dissolves PVDF binder for positive-electrode slurries. It is toxic and regulated, so plants recover and distil nearly all of it; eliminating it is a main motivation for dry electrode processes.",
        "related": [
          "pvdf",
          "slurry",
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          "dry-electrode"
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        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "binder"
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    {
      "id": "term:drying",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Drying",
      "properties": {
        "id": "drying",
        "name": "Drying",
        "section": "topic-manufacturing",
        "definition": "Evaporating the solvent from the wet coating in an oven tens of metres long. Drying too fast drives binder to the surface and weakens adhesion to the foil; it is the most energy-hungry step in the plant.",
        "related": [
          "coating",
          "nmp",
          "solvent-recovery",
          "binder-migration",
          "calendering"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-production/#electrodes",
        "example": {
          "title": "Identify what the measurement proves",
          "text": "Final coating mass alone does not prove uniform binder distribution or acceptable residual moisture."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/drying/",
        "mentions": [
          "binder"
        ]
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    },
    {
      "id": "term:coating",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Coating",
      "properties": {
        "id": "coating",
        "name": "Coating",
        "section": "topic-manufacturing",
        "definition": "Applying slurry to the moving foil at a controlled wet thickness, usually with a slot die, often on both sides. Coating weight per area must be held within about one percent across the web, because every downstream property depends on it.",
        "related": [
          "slot-die",
          "areal-loading",
          "drying",
          "electrode-manufacturing"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-production/#electrodes",
        "example": {
          "title": "Wet and dry thickness differ",
          "text": "Wet coating includes solvent. Dry thickness also depends on retained solids and resulting structure."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/coating/",
        "mentions": [
          "slurry"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:binder",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Binder",
      "properties": {
        "id": "binder",
        "name": "Binder",
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "A polymer that holds electrode particles to each other and to the foil — typically PVDF for positive electrodes and CMC with SBR for graphite. It stores no charge, so cell designers use as little as the electrode needs.",
        "related": [
          "active-material",
          "conductive-additive",
          "slurry",
          "pvdf",
          "nmp",
          "paa"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-architecture/#composite",
        "example": {
          "title": "Balance coating functions",
          "text": "Increasing binder fraction at fixed coating mass leaves less mass for active material and conductive additive. Adhesion and capacity are separate design considerations."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/binder/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "graphite",
          "cmc",
          "sbr"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:slurry",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Slurry",
      "properties": {
        "id": "slurry",
        "name": "Slurry",
        "section": "topic-manufacturing",
        "definition": "The mixture of active material, conductive carbon, binder and solvent that is coated onto a current-collector foil to make an electrode. Positive slurries use NMP as solvent; graphite slurries are water-based.",
        "related": [
          "mixing",
          "coating",
          "nmp",
          "binder",
          "solids-content"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-production/#electrodes",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/slurry/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "active-material",
          "graphite",
          "conductive-additive"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:solvent-recovery",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Solvent recovery",
      "properties": {
        "id": "solvent-recovery",
        "name": "Solvent recovery",
        "section": "topic-manufacturing",
        "definition": "Condensing the NMP evaporated in the dryer and distilling it for reuse. It is required by law for emissions and makes economic sense, but adds a large plant alongside the coating line.",
        "related": [
          "nmp",
          "drying",
          "dry-electrode"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/solvent-recovery/",
        "mentions": [
          "coating"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "lesson:fundamentals/cell-production/",
      "type": "Lesson",
      "label": "Lesson 3 · Cell production",
      "properties": {
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/cell-production/"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "reference:liu-manufacturing",
      "type": "Reference",
      "label": "Current and future lithium-ion battery manufacturing",
      "properties": {
        "title": "Current and future lithium-ion battery manufacturing",
        "publisher": "iScience",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2021.102332",
        "type": "Review article",
        "scope": "Electrode preparation, cell assembly, formation and manufacturing trade-offs.",
        "year": 2021,
        "authors": [
          "Yangtao Liu",
          "Ruihan Zhang",
          "Jun Wang",
          "Yan Wang"
        ],
        "accessed": "2026-10-27"
      }
    }
  ]
}