{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:disordered-rock-salt",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "Disordered rock salt",
    "properties": {
      "id": "disordered-rock-salt",
      "name": "Disordered rock salt",
      "abbr": "DRX",
      "aka": [
        "DRS",
        "cation-disordered rock salt",
        "cation-disordered rocksalt"
      ],
      "section": "topic-chemistries",
      "definition": "A cathode family in which lithium and transition-metal ions share the same crystal sites at random instead of forming ordered layers. With about 10–20 % excess lithium, percolating diffusion paths open, giving over 250 mAh/g from abundant manganese, titanium or iron instead of nickel and cobalt. Slow kinetics, voltage hysteresis and oxygen loss keep it in the laboratory.",
      "related": [
        "lithium-rich-manganese",
        "layered-oxide",
        "cathode-active-material",
        "voltage-hysteresis",
        "cobalt"
      ],
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/disordered-rock-salt/",
      "mentions": [
        "milliampere-hour",
        "cathode",
        "diffusion",
        "lattice-oxygen-release",
        "manganese"
      ]
    }
  },
  "edges": [
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      "id": "edge:6104",
      "source": "term:disordered-rock-salt",
      "target": "topic:topic-chemistries",
      "type": "belongsTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json"
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    },
    {
      "id": "edge:6105",
      "source": "term:disordered-rock-salt",
      "target": "term:lithium-rich-manganese",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:6106",
      "source": "term:disordered-rock-salt",
      "target": "term:layered-oxide",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:6107",
      "source": "term:disordered-rock-salt",
      "target": "term:cathode-active-material",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:6108",
      "source": "term:disordered-rock-salt",
      "target": "term:voltage-hysteresis",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:6109",
      "source": "term:disordered-rock-salt",
      "target": "term:cobalt",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/disordered-rock-salt/milliampere-hour",
      "source": "term:disordered-rock-salt",
      "target": "term:milliampere-hour",
      "type": "mentions",
      "properties": {
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      "id": "edge:mentions/disordered-rock-salt/cathode",
      "source": "term:disordered-rock-salt",
      "target": "term:cathode",
      "type": "mentions",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions",
        "field": "definition",
        "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
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    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/disordered-rock-salt/diffusion",
      "source": "term:disordered-rock-salt",
      "target": "term:diffusion",
      "type": "mentions",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
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        "field": "definition",
        "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
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    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/disordered-rock-salt/lattice-oxygen-release",
      "source": "term:disordered-rock-salt",
      "target": "term:lattice-oxygen-release",
      "type": "mentions",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions",
        "field": "definition",
        "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/disordered-rock-salt/manganese",
      "source": "term:disordered-rock-salt",
      "target": "term:manganese",
      "type": "mentions",
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        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
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  "neighbors": [
    {
      "id": "topic:topic-chemistries",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Lithium-ion chemistries and cell formats",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-chemistries",
        "name": "Lithium-ion chemistries and cell formats",
        "lede": "The electrode materials that define a lithium-ion cell, the crystal structures behind them, and the shapes cells are built in.",
        "context": "Separate chemistry from form factor.",
        "example": "Two cylindrical cells can share dimensions yet differ in cathode, capacity and current limits.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/cell-architecture/",
        "lesson_label": "Open cell architecture"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:lithium-rich-manganese",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Lithium-rich manganese cathode",
      "properties": {
        "id": "lithium-rich-manganese",
        "name": "Lithium-rich manganese cathode",
        "abbr": "LMR",
        "aka": [
          "LRM",
          "lithium manganese-rich",
          "Li-rich layered oxide",
          "OLO",
          "LMR-NMC"
        ],
        "section": "topic-chemistries",
        "definition": "A layered oxide carrying extra lithium in the transition-metal layer, typically Li₁.₂Ni₀.₁₃Co₀.₁₃Mn₀.₅₄O₂. Above about 4.5 V on the first charge, oxygen joins the redox, giving more than 250 mAh/g with little nickel or cobalt. Voltage fade, oxygen loss and a large first-cycle loss slowed adoption; GM and LG Energy Solution plan LMR cells for 2028.",
        "related": [
          "layered-oxide",
          "nmc",
          "first-cycle-loss",
          "structural-degradation",
          "disordered-rock-salt",
          "high-nickel"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/lithium-rich-manganese/",
        "mentions": [
          "milliampere-hour",
          "cobalt",
          "voltage-fade",
          "lattice-oxygen-release"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:layered-oxide",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Layered oxide",
      "properties": {
        "id": "layered-oxide",
        "name": "Layered oxide",
        "abbr": "LTMO",
        "aka": [
          "layered transition-metal oxide",
          "α-NaFeO₂ structure",
          "O3 structure",
          "P2 structure"
        ],
        "section": "topic-chemistries",
        "definition": "The crystal structure of LCO, NMC and NCA: close-packed oxygen layers with lithium and transition-metal ions in alternate layers of octahedral sites, so lithium moves in two-dimensional sheets. The structure offers high capacity and voltage but can distort or mix cations when deeply delithiated. Sodium versions are labelled O3 or P2 by their stacking.",
        "related": [
          "nmc",
          "lco",
          "nca",
          "structural-degradation",
          "spinel-structure",
          "sodium-ion"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/layered-oxide/",
        "mentions": [
          "stacking"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:cathode-active-material",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Cathode active material",
      "properties": {
        "id": "cathode-active-material",
        "name": "Cathode active material",
        "abbr": "CAM",
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "The lithium-containing compound in the positive electrode — NMC, NCA, LFP or LCO powder — that supplies the cell’s cyclable lithium. It is the most expensive material in most cells and sets the nominal voltage and much of the energy density.",
        "related": [
          "active-material",
          "nmc",
          "lfp",
          "precursor",
          "specific-capacity"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/cathode-active-material/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "positive-electrode",
          "nominal-voltage",
          "energy-density"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:voltage-hysteresis",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Voltage hysteresis",
      "properties": {
        "id": "voltage-hysteresis",
        "name": "Voltage hysteresis",
        "section": "topic-charging",
        "definition": "The difference between the open-circuit voltage reached from charging and from discharging at the same state of charge. It is small for most lithium-ion chemistries but large for LFP and silicon, and it limits how precisely voltage can give SOC.",
        "related": [
          "open-circuit-voltage",
          "ocv-soc-curve",
          "lfp",
          "silicon-anode",
          "energy-efficiency"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/voltage-hysteresis/",
        "mentions": [
          "state-of-charge"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:cobalt",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Cobalt",
      "properties": {
        "id": "cobalt",
        "name": "Cobalt",
        "section": "topic-sustainability",
        "definition": "The metal that stabilises layered-oxide cathodes, mined largely in the Democratic Republic of Congo under scrutiny for working conditions. Its price and ethics have driven the industry from LCO and NMC111 towards high-nickel and cobalt-free LFP.",
        "related": [
          "nmc",
          "lco",
          "high-nickel",
          "critical-raw-materials",
          "due-diligence"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/cobalt/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:milliampere-hour",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Milliampere-hour",
      "properties": {
        "id": "milliampere-hour",
        "name": "Milliampere-hour",
        "abbr": "mAh",
        "section": "topic-units",
        "definition": "One thousandth of an ampere-hour, the capacity unit used for small cells. A phone cell of 4500 mAh holds 4.5 Ah; multiplied by its nominal voltage that is about 17 Wh.",
        "unit": "mAh",
        "related": [
          "ampere-hour",
          "watt-hour"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/milliampere-hour/",
        "mentions": [
          "nominal-voltage"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:cathode",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Cathode",
      "properties": {
        "id": "cathode",
        "name": "Cathode",
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "The electrode where reduction happens: the positive electrode on discharge, the negative one on charge. In industry usage, “cathode” means the positive electrode and its material, whatever the cell is doing.",
        "related": [
          "positive-electrode",
          "anode",
          "reduction",
          "cathode-active-material"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-anatomy/#anode-cathode",
        "example": {
          "title": "Check the reaction",
          "text": "During discharge, the positive electrode is the cathode because reduction occurs there. Charging moves reduction to the negative electrode."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/cathode/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:diffusion",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Diffusion",
      "properties": {
        "id": "diffusion",
        "name": "Diffusion",
        "section": "topic-transport",
        "definition": "The net movement of a species from where it is concentrated to where it is scarce, driven by random thermal motion. In a cell lithium diffuses through the electrolyte in the pores and, far more slowly, through the solid particles themselves.",
        "related": [
          "ficks-first-law",
          "diffusion-coefficient",
          "solid-state-diffusion",
          "concentration-gradient",
          "migration"
        ],
        "lesson": "transport/ficks-first-law/#in-a-cell",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/diffusion/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrolyte"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:lattice-oxygen-release",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Lattice oxygen release",
      "properties": {
        "id": "lattice-oxygen-release",
        "name": "Lattice oxygen release",
        "aka": [
          "oxygen release",
          "oxygen loss"
        ],
        "section": "topic-aging",
        "definition": "Oxygen escaping from the crystal of a charged layered oxide as it transforms towards spinel and rock-salt phases. At high voltage it happens slowly at particle surfaces, leaving a resistive rock-salt layer and gas; on heating, high-nickel materials release it in bulk, feeding combustion inside the sealed cell. LFP’s phosphate binds its oxygen far more strongly.",
        "related": [
          "structural-degradation",
          "thermal-runaway",
          "high-nickel",
          "gas-generation",
          "lfp",
          "flammability"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/lattice-oxygen-release/",
        "mentions": [
          "lmo",
          "layered-oxide"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:manganese",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Manganese",
      "properties": {
        "id": "manganese",
        "name": "Manganese",
        "aka": [
          "manganese sulfate",
          "high-purity manganese sulfate",
          "HPMSM"
        ],
        "section": "topic-sustainability",
        "definition": "A cheap, abundant metal used in NMC, LMO and LMFP positive electrodes and in alkaline cells. Ore comes mostly from South Africa, Gabon and Australia, but about 95 % of battery-grade high-purity manganese sulfate was refined in China in 2024, which puts manganese on critical-raw-material lists despite plentiful reserves.",
        "related": [
          "nmc",
          "lmo",
          "lmfp",
          "critical-raw-materials",
          "cobalt",
          "nickel-sulfate"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/manganese/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    }
  ]
}