{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:direct-current",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "Direct and alternating current",
    "properties": {
      "id": "direct-current",
      "name": "Direct and alternating current",
      "abbr": "DC, AC",
      "section": "topic-units",
      "definition": "A battery stores and delivers direct current, flowing one way; the grid and most motors use alternating current, which reverses many times a second. An inverter converts one into the other, and every conversion loses a few percent.",
      "related": [
        "current",
        "inverter",
        "charger",
        "energy-efficiency"
      ],
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/direct-current/",
      "mentions": []
    }
  },
  "edges": [
    {
      "id": "edge:3532",
      "source": "term:direct-current",
      "target": "topic:topic-units",
      "type": "belongsTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:3533",
      "source": "term:direct-current",
      "target": "term:current",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:3534",
      "source": "term:direct-current",
      "target": "term:inverter",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:3535",
      "source": "term:direct-current",
      "target": "term:charger",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:3536",
      "source": "term:direct-current",
      "target": "term:energy-efficiency",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    }
  ],
  "neighbors": [
    {
      "id": "topic:topic-units",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Units and electrical basics",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-units",
        "name": "Units and electrical basics",
        "lede": "The quantities every datasheet is written in, and how they relate.",
        "context": "Use consistent units and cell/pack basis.",
        "example": "10 A for 30 min transfers 5 Ah. At constant 3.6 V this is 18 Wh; varying voltage requires integration.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/capacity-and-c-rate/",
        "lesson_label": "Open capacity and C-rate"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:current",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Current",
      "properties": {
        "id": "current",
        "name": "Current",
        "section": "topic-units",
        "definition": "The rate at which charge flows through the cell and its circuit, in amperes. Outside the cell it is carried by electrons; inside, by lithium ions moving through the electrolyte.",
        "formula": "I = dQ/dt",
        "unit": "A",
        "related": [
          "ampere",
          "c-rate",
          "ionic-path"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-anatomy/#discharge",
        "example": {
          "title": "Convert charge transfer to current",
          "text": "If 120 C passes a point in 60 s at a steady rate, the current is 2 A. When the rate varies, integrate the current trace to recover the total charge."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/current/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrolyte"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:inverter",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Inverter",
      "properties": {
        "id": "inverter",
        "name": "Inverter",
        "aka": [
          "power conversion system",
          "PCS"
        ],
        "section": "topic-pack",
        "definition": "The power electronics that turn the battery’s DC into AC for a motor or the grid, and back again for charging. In stationary storage it is called the power conversion system and its rating in kW or MW sets the system’s power independently of the battery’s energy.",
        "related": [
          "pre-charge",
          "dc-dc-converter",
          "stationary-storage",
          "energy-management-system",
          "direct-current",
          "iec-62477-1"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/inverter/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:charger",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Charger",
      "properties": {
        "id": "charger",
        "name": "Charger",
        "section": "topic-charging",
        "definition": "The power electronics that convert mains or DC supply into the controlled current and voltage a battery needs. For lithium-ion it runs the CC-CV profile within the limits the BMS communicates, and stops rather than floats when the cell is full.",
        "related": [
          "cc-cv-charging",
          "bms",
          "onboard-charger",
          "dc-fast-charging"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/charger/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:energy-efficiency",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Energy efficiency",
      "properties": {
        "id": "energy-efficiency",
        "name": "Energy efficiency",
        "aka": [
          "round-trip efficiency"
        ],
        "section": "topic-ratings",
        "definition": "Energy out divided by energy in over a full cycle. It is lower than coulombic efficiency because the charge voltage sits above the discharge voltage; cells reach 95–98 %, and a full storage system 85–92 % after power electronics and cooling.",
        "unit": "%",
        "related": [
          "coulombic-efficiency",
          "voltage-hysteresis",
          "ir-drop",
          "stationary-storage",
          "voltage-efficiency"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/energy-efficiency/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    }
  ]
}