{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:deep-eutectic-solvent",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "Deep eutectic solvent",
    "properties": {
      "id": "deep-eutectic-solvent",
      "name": "Deep eutectic solvent",
      "abbr": "DES",
      "section": "topic-recycling",
      "definition": "A mixture of two cheap compounds, such as choline chloride and urea, that melts far below either component and can dissolve metal oxides. It is studied as a milder, recyclable leaching medium for cathode materials.",
      "related": [
        "leaching",
        "hydrometallurgy",
        "direct-recycling"
      ],
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/deep-eutectic-solvent/",
      "mentions": [
        "cathode"
      ]
    }
  },
  "edges": [
    {
      "id": "edge:4393",
      "source": "term:deep-eutectic-solvent",
      "target": "topic:topic-recycling",
      "type": "belongsTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json"
      }
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    {
      "id": "edge:4394",
      "source": "term:deep-eutectic-solvent",
      "target": "term:leaching",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:4395",
      "source": "term:deep-eutectic-solvent",
      "target": "term:hydrometallurgy",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
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      "id": "edge:4396",
      "source": "term:deep-eutectic-solvent",
      "target": "term:direct-recycling",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/deep-eutectic-solvent/cathode",
      "source": "term:deep-eutectic-solvent",
      "target": "term:cathode",
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      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions",
        "field": "definition",
        "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
      }
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  "neighbors": [
    {
      "id": "topic:topic-recycling",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Recycling and end of life",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-recycling",
        "name": "Recycling and end of life",
        "lede": "What happens to a battery after its first life: reuse, and the recycling routes that recover its materials, step by step.",
        "context": "Distinguish recovered material from a qualified product.",
        "example": "High mass recovery alone does not establish battery-grade purity or refining energy demand.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/cell-production/",
        "lesson_label": "Open process context"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:leaching",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Leaching",
      "properties": {
        "id": "leaching",
        "name": "Leaching",
        "aka": [
          "acid leaching",
          "reductive leaching"
        ],
        "section": "topic-recycling",
        "definition": "Dissolving the metals in black mass, usually in sulfuric acid with hydrogen peroxide as a reducing agent so cobalt and manganese go into solution as their more soluble lower oxidation state. The leach liquor carries lithium, nickel, cobalt and manganese, plus impurities such as copper and aluminium.",
        "related": [
          "hydrometallurgy",
          "black-mass",
          "solvent-extraction",
          "impurity-removal",
          "bioleaching",
          "deep-eutectic-solvent"
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        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/leaching/",
        "mentions": [
          "oxidation",
          "cobalt",
          "manganese"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:hydrometallurgy",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Hydrometallurgy",
      "properties": {
        "id": "hydrometallurgy",
        "name": "Hydrometallurgy",
        "section": "topic-recycling",
        "definition": "Recycling by dissolving black mass in acid and separating the metals as salts by precipitation and solvent extraction. It recovers lithium and gives battery-grade products, at the cost of chemical consumption and wastewater.",
        "related": [
          "black-mass",
          "pyrometallurgy",
          "direct-recycling",
          "recycling",
          "leaching",
          "solvent-extraction"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/hydrometallurgy/",
        "mentions": [
          "precipitation"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:direct-recycling",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Direct recycling",
      "properties": {
        "id": "direct-recycling",
        "name": "Direct recycling",
        "section": "topic-recycling",
        "definition": "Recovering cathode material with its crystal structure intact and relithiating it for reuse, instead of breaking it down to metal salts. It promises lower energy and cost but must handle a mix of chemistries and ages.",
        "related": [
          "recycling",
          "hydrometallurgy",
          "cathode-active-material",
          "relithiation",
          "upcycling"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/direct-recycling/",
        "mentions": [
          "cathode"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:cathode",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Cathode",
      "properties": {
        "id": "cathode",
        "name": "Cathode",
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "The electrode where reduction happens: the positive electrode on discharge, the negative one on charge. In industry usage, “cathode” means the positive electrode and its material, whatever the cell is doing.",
        "related": [
          "positive-electrode",
          "anode",
          "reduction",
          "cathode-active-material"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-anatomy/#anode-cathode",
        "example": {
          "title": "Check the reaction",
          "text": "During discharge, the positive electrode is the cathode because reduction occurs there. Charging moves reduction to the negative electrode."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/cathode/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode"
        ]
      }
    }
  ]
}