{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:cobalt",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "Cobalt",
    "properties": {
      "id": "cobalt",
      "name": "Cobalt",
      "section": "topic-sustainability",
      "definition": "The metal that stabilises layered-oxide cathodes, mined largely in the Democratic Republic of Congo under scrutiny for working conditions. Its price and ethics have driven the industry from LCO and NMC111 towards high-nickel and cobalt-free LFP.",
      "related": [
        "nmc",
        "lco",
        "high-nickel",
        "critical-raw-materials",
        "due-diligence"
      ],
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/cobalt/",
      "mentions": []
    }
  },
  "edges": [
    {
      "id": "edge:3236",
      "source": "term:cobalt",
      "target": "topic:topic-sustainability",
      "type": "belongsTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:3237",
      "source": "term:cobalt",
      "target": "term:nmc",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:3238",
      "source": "term:cobalt",
      "target": "term:lco",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:3239",
      "source": "term:cobalt",
      "target": "term:high-nickel",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:3240",
      "source": "term:cobalt",
      "target": "term:critical-raw-materials",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:3241",
      "source": "term:cobalt",
      "target": "term:due-diligence",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    }
  ],
  "neighbors": [
    {
      "id": "topic:topic-sustainability",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Supply chain and regulation",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-sustainability",
        "name": "Supply chain and regulation",
        "lede": "Where the materials come from, what a battery’s carbon footprint is, and the rules that govern it from mine to market.",
        "context": "Keep boundaries, dates, geography and units.",
        "example": "Carbon footprints can be compared only with compatible boundaries and functional units.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/cell-production/",
        "lesson_label": "Open production context"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:nmc",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "NMC",
      "properties": {
        "id": "nmc",
        "name": "NMC",
        "aka": [
          "NCM",
          "nickel manganese cobalt oxide",
          "LiNiMnCoO₂"
        ],
        "section": "topic-chemistries",
        "definition": "A family of layered-oxide positive electrode materials, LiNiₓMnᵧCo₁₋ₓ₋ᵧO₂, used in many electric-vehicle cells. Variants are named by their metal ratio: NMC811 has eight parts nickel to one each of manganese and cobalt.",
        "related": [
          "cathode-active-material",
          "high-nickel",
          "nca",
          "lfp",
          "cobalt"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-anatomy/#components",
        "example": {
          "title": "Read the composition label",
          "text": "NMC811 denotes nominal nickel:manganese:cobalt proportions of 8:1:1 in the transition-metal component, not 80% nickel by whole-cell mass."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/nmc/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "positive-electrode",
          "manganese"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:lco",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "LCO",
      "properties": {
        "id": "lco",
        "name": "LCO",
        "aka": [
          "lithium cobalt oxide",
          "LiCoO₂"
        ],
        "section": "topic-chemistries",
        "definition": "The original lithium-ion positive material, LiCoO₂, still used in phones and laptops for its high volumetric energy density. Cobalt cost and limited thermal stability keep it out of vehicles.",
        "related": [
          "cobalt",
          "nmc",
          "cathode-active-material",
          "consumer-electronics"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/lco/",
        "mentions": [
          "energy-density"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:high-nickel",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "High-nickel cathode",
      "properties": {
        "id": "high-nickel",
        "name": "High-nickel cathode",
        "aka": [
          "Ni-rich"
        ],
        "section": "topic-chemistries",
        "definition": "A layered oxide with 80 % or more nickel, such as NMC811 or NCA. Nickel raises capacity and lowers cobalt content, but the material is less thermally stable, more sensitive to moisture and ages faster at high voltage.",
        "related": [
          "nmc",
          "nca",
          "cathode-active-material",
          "thermal-runaway",
          "cei",
          "mid-nickel"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/high-nickel/",
        "mentions": [
          "cobalt",
          "layered-oxide"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:critical-raw-materials",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Critical raw materials",
      "properties": {
        "id": "critical-raw-materials",
        "name": "Critical raw materials",
        "section": "topic-sustainability",
        "definition": "Materials that an economy depends on and whose supply is concentrated or at risk: for batteries, lithium, cobalt, nickel, natural graphite and manganese. The EU and US both list them and attach sourcing and recycling targets.",
        "related": [
          "lithium-carbonate",
          "cobalt",
          "natural-graphite",
          "eu-battery-regulation",
          "recycling"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/critical-raw-materials/",
        "mentions": [
          "graphite",
          "manganese"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:due-diligence",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Supply-chain due diligence",
      "properties": {
        "id": "due-diligence",
        "name": "Supply-chain due diligence",
        "section": "topic-sustainability",
        "definition": "The obligation on battery makers to identify and address human-rights and environmental risks in their raw-material supply chains, following OECD guidance, and now a legal requirement in the EU for cobalt, lithium, nickel and graphite.",
        "related": [
          "cobalt",
          "eu-battery-regulation",
          "critical-raw-materials",
          "battery-passport"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/due-diligence/",
        "mentions": [
          "graphite"
        ]
      }
    }
  ]
}