{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:class-9-dangerous-goods",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "Class 9 dangerous goods",
    "properties": {
      "id": "class-9-dangerous-goods",
      "name": "Class 9 dangerous goods",
      "aka": [
        "Class 9",
        "miscellaneous dangerous goods",
        "Class 9A label",
        "lithium battery hazard label"
      ],
      "section": "topic-standards-vehicle",
      "definition": "The miscellaneous hazard class of the UN Model Regulations, where lithium and sodium-ion batteries sit; wet lead–acid and nickel batteries with corrosive electrolyte are Class 8 instead. Fully regulated battery consignments carry the Class 9A label — seven vertical stripes above a burning-battery symbol — alongside the separate lithium battery mark where that applies.",
      "related": [
        "un-numbers-batteries",
        "lithium-battery-mark",
        "transport-regulations",
        "un-model-regulations",
        "iata-dgr"
      ],
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/class-9-dangerous-goods/",
      "mentions": [
        "electrolyte"
      ]
    }
  },
  "edges": [
    {
      "id": "edge:belongsTo/term:class-9-dangerous-goods/topic:topic-standards-vehicle",
      "source": "term:class-9-dangerous-goods",
      "target": "topic:topic-standards-vehicle",
      "type": "belongsTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:class-9-dangerous-goods/term:un-numbers-batteries",
      "source": "term:class-9-dangerous-goods",
      "target": "term:un-numbers-batteries",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:class-9-dangerous-goods/term:lithium-battery-mark",
      "source": "term:class-9-dangerous-goods",
      "target": "term:lithium-battery-mark",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:class-9-dangerous-goods/term:transport-regulations",
      "source": "term:class-9-dangerous-goods",
      "target": "term:transport-regulations",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:class-9-dangerous-goods/term:un-model-regulations",
      "source": "term:class-9-dangerous-goods",
      "target": "term:un-model-regulations",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:class-9-dangerous-goods/term:iata-dgr",
      "source": "term:class-9-dangerous-goods",
      "target": "term:iata-dgr",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/class-9-dangerous-goods/electrolyte",
      "source": "term:class-9-dangerous-goods",
      "target": "term:electrolyte",
      "type": "mentions",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions",
        "field": "definition",
        "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
      }
    }
  ],
  "neighbors": [
    {
      "id": "topic:topic-standards-vehicle",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Vehicle and transport standards",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-standards-vehicle",
        "name": "Vehicle and transport standards",
        "lede": "The regulations and standards a vehicle battery must meet to be approved, and the rules for shipping batteries by road, sea and air.",
        "context": "Check issuing organization, edition, scope and market.",
        "example": "Shipping tests and vehicle battery approval tests address different uses; passing one does not automatically satisfy another.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/battery-basics/",
        "lesson_label": "Open battery basics"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:un-numbers-batteries",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "UN numbers for batteries",
      "properties": {
        "id": "un-numbers-batteries",
        "name": "UN numbers for batteries",
        "aka": [
          "UN 3480",
          "UN 3481",
          "UN 3090",
          "UN 3091",
          "UN 3536",
          "UN 3551",
          "proper shipping name"
        ],
        "section": "topic-standards-vehicle",
        "definition": "The four-digit numbers that identify a battery consignment worldwide: UN 3480 for lithium-ion batteries, UN 3481 for lithium-ion packed with or contained in equipment, UN 3090 and 3091 for the same in lithium metal, UN 3551 and 3552 for sodium-ion, and UN 3536 for batteries installed in a cargo transport unit. Since 2025 battery-powered vehicles have UN 3556–3558.",
        "related": [
          "transport-regulations",
          "iata-dgr",
          "class-9-dangerous-goods",
          "dangerous-goods-declaration",
          "sodium-ion",
          "lithium-battery-mark"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/un-numbers-batteries/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:lithium-battery-mark",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Lithium battery mark",
      "properties": {
        "id": "lithium-battery-mark",
        "name": "Lithium battery mark",
        "aka": [
          "lithium battery handling mark",
          "battery handling label"
        ],
        "section": "topic-standards-vehicle",
        "definition": "The rectangular package mark — a red hatched border, a burning-battery symbol and the UN number — that flags small lithium batteries in a consignment relieved of the full dangerous-goods rules, such as Section II by air; Section IB packages carry it beside the Class 9A label. It is at least 100 × 100 mm, or 100 × 70 mm on small packages.",
        "related": [
          "class-9-dangerous-goods",
          "iata-section-ia-ib-ii",
          "un-numbers-batteries",
          "iata-dgr"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/lithium-battery-mark/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:transport-regulations",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "UN 38.3",
      "properties": {
        "id": "transport-regulations",
        "name": "UN 38.3",
        "aka": [
          "UN transport test",
          "lithium battery shipping"
        ],
        "section": "topic-standards-vehicle",
        "definition": "The United Nations test sequence that every lithium cell and battery must pass before it can be shipped: altitude, thermal cycling, vibration, shock, external short, impact or crush, overcharge and forced discharge. Air shipment of cells also caps state of charge at 30 %.",
        "related": [
          "shipping-soc",
          "abuse-testing",
          "iec-62133",
          "altitude-simulation-test",
          "un-38-3-test-summary",
          "forced-discharge-test"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/transport-regulations/",
        "mentions": [
          "overcharge",
          "state-of-charge"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:un-model-regulations",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "UN Model Regulations and Manual of Tests and Criteria",
      "properties": {
        "id": "un-model-regulations",
        "name": "UN Model Regulations and Manual of Tests and Criteria",
        "aka": [
          "Orange Book",
          "UN Model Regulations",
          "Manual of Tests and Criteria",
          "ST/SG/AC.10/1",
          "ST/SG/AC.10/11"
        ],
        "section": "topic-standards-vehicle",
        "definition": "The two UN documents on which every dangerous-goods rule is built. The Model Regulations, the ‘Orange Book’, classify goods and set packing, marking and documentation, revised every two years; the Manual of Tests and Criteria gives the test methods, including sub-section 38.3 for lithium and sodium-ion batteries. Air, sea, road and rail rules all adopt them.",
        "related": [
          "transport-regulations",
          "iata-dgr",
          "imdg-code",
          "adr-rid-adn",
          "icao-technical-instructions",
          "un-38-3-test-summary"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/un-model-regulations/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:iata-dgr",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "IATA Dangerous Goods Regulations",
      "properties": {
        "id": "iata-dgr",
        "name": "IATA Dangerous Goods Regulations",
        "abbr": "DGR",
        "aka": [
          "IATA DGR",
          "packing instruction 965"
        ],
        "section": "topic-standards-vehicle",
        "definition": "The airline industry’s manual for shipping dangerous goods by air, built on the ICAO Technical Instructions and reissued every year. Lithium batteries fall under packing instructions 965–967 for lithium-ion — alone, packed with or inside equipment — and 968–970 for lithium metal. Lithium-ion batteries shipped alone must be at no more than 30 % state of charge; from 2026 so must those packed with equipment above 2.7 Wh.",
        "related": [
          "transport-regulations",
          "shipping-soc",
          "imdg-code",
          "adr-rid-adn",
          "cfr-49",
          "iec-62281"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/iata-dgr/",
        "mentions": [
          "state-of-charge",
          "icao-technical-instructions"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:electrolyte",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Electrolyte",
      "properties": {
        "id": "electrolyte",
        "name": "Electrolyte",
        "section": "topic-electrolytes",
        "definition": "The ion-conducting medium between the electrodes. In a liquid-electrolyte cell it fills the pores of both electrodes and the separator, so it is not a separate structural layer.",
        "related": [
          "lithium-salt",
          "carbonate-solvent",
          "electrolyte-additive",
          "ionic-conductivity",
          "solid-electrolyte",
          "ionic-liquid-electrolyte"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-architecture/#electrolyte",
        "example": {
          "title": "Ions and electrons",
          "text": "Electrolyte carries ions between electrodes; the external circuit carries electrons. The two paths serve different roles."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/electrolyte/",
        "mentions": [
          "separator"
        ]
      }
    }
  ]
}