{
"node": {
"id": "term:charger",
"type": "Term",
"label": "Charger",
"properties": {
"id": "charger",
"name": "Charger",
"section": "topic-charging",
"definition": "The power electronics that convert mains or DC supply into the controlled current and voltage a battery needs. For lithium-ion it runs the CC-CV profile within the limits the BMS communicates, and stops rather than floats when the cell is full.",
"related": [
"cc-cv-charging",
"bms",
"onboard-charger",
"dc-fast-charging"
],
"url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/charger/",
"mentions": []
}
},
"edges": [
{
"id": "edge:37",
"source": "term:charger",
"target": "workflow:cccv",
"type": "usedIn",
"properties": {
"sourceFile": "wiki-blocks.json"
}
},
{
"id": "edge:1213",
"source": "term:charger",
"target": "topic:topic-charging",
"type": "belongsTo",
"properties": {
"sourceFile": "terms.json"
}
},
{
"id": "edge:1214",
"source": "term:charger",
"target": "term:cc-cv-charging",
"type": "relatedTo",
"properties": {
"sourceFile": "terms.json",
"meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
}
},
{
"id": "edge:1215",
"source": "term:charger",
"target": "term:bms",
"type": "relatedTo",
"properties": {
"sourceFile": "terms.json",
"meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
}
},
{
"id": "edge:1216",
"source": "term:charger",
"target": "term:onboard-charger",
"type": "relatedTo",
"properties": {
"sourceFile": "terms.json",
"meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
}
},
{
"id": "edge:1217",
"source": "term:charger",
"target": "term:dc-fast-charging",
"type": "relatedTo",
"properties": {
"sourceFile": "terms.json",
"meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
}
},
{
"id": "edge:1218",
"source": "term:charger",
"target": "visual:charging-cccv",
"type": "illustratedBy",
"properties": {
"sourceFile": "visual-pages.json"
}
},
{
"id": "edge:1219",
"source": "term:charger",
"target": "reference:tomaszewska-charging",
"type": "cites",
"properties": {
"sourceFile": "wiki-references.json",
"scope": "direct technical reference"
}
}
],
"neighbors": [
{
"id": "workflow:cccv",
"type": "Workflow",
"label": "Build CC–CV charging",
"properties": {
"id": "cccv",
"title": "Build CC–CV charging",
"kind": "studio",
"summary": "Native current and voltage regulation act against an explicit battery.",
"steps": [
"Open home charging and inspect settings.",
"Choose immediate charging; inspect mode and completion."
],
"example": "An illustrative 100 Ah battery with a 420 V ceiling can use a 32 A cap. At the ceiling, current falls as OCV rises.",
"observe": "Completion needs current below cutoff at the CV ceiling for the configured dwell. Site-limited low current is different.",
"limits": "The battery uses linear OCV and fixed resistance. It does not automatically add aging, thermal dynamics or balancing.",
"url": "https://design.lemonergy.com/cosim.html?example=charging-home",
"label": "Open the Studio example",
"evidence": [
"js/charging-control.js",
"js/charging-scenarios.js",
"docs/CHARGING_BLOCKS_SPEC.md"
]
}
},
{
"id": "topic:topic-charging",
"type": "Topic",
"label": "Charging and discharging",
"properties": {
"id": "topic-charging",
"name": "Charging and discharging",
"lede": "How current goes in and comes out, and the limits that stop it.",
"context": "Separate regulation from availability.",
"example": "The same CC–CV law can operate overnight or during a short depot stop.",
"lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/capacity-and-c-rate/",
"lesson_label": "Open charging quantities"
}
},
{
"id": "term:cc-cv-charging",
"type": "Term",
"label": "CC-CV charging",
"properties": {
"id": "cc-cv-charging",
"name": "CC-CV charging",
"aka": [
"constant current constant voltage"
],
"section": "topic-charging",
"definition": "The standard lithium-ion charge protocol: constant current until the cell reaches its upper cutoff voltage, then that voltage held constant while the current tapers. The charge ends when the current falls to a set fraction, often C/20.",
"related": [
"constant-current",
"constant-voltage",
"cutoff-voltage",
"taper-current",
"fast-charging",
"cp-cv"
],
"lesson": "fundamentals/capacity-and-c-rate/#real-cells",
"example": {
"title": "Follow a two-stage charge",
"text": "For an illustrative 5 Ah cell, a 2.5 A current request is 0.5C. During CC the voltage rises. At the selected upper voltage, CV regulation holds voltage while current tapers. Completion requires the taper current to fall below the selected cutoff for the configured dwell."
},
"notes": [
"Choose voltage, current and temperature limits from the actual cell specification. These example values do not define a charging recipe."
],
"url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/cc-cv-charging/",
"mentions": []
}
},
{
"id": "term:bms",
"type": "Term",
"label": "Battery management system",
"properties": {
"id": "bms",
"name": "Battery management system",
"abbr": "BMS",
"section": "topic-pack",
"definition": "The electronics and software that keep a battery inside its safe window: measuring every cell voltage and many temperatures, estimating SOC and SOH, balancing cells, computing current limits, controlling the contactors and reporting over the vehicle network.",
"related": [
"state-of-charge",
"cell-balancing",
"state-of-power",
"cell-supervision-circuit",
"contactor",
"can-bus"
],
"lesson": "fundamentals/battery-basics/#cell-module-pack",
"url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/bms/",
"mentions": [
"state-of-health",
"cell-voltage"
]
}
},
{
"id": "term:onboard-charger",
"type": "Term",
"label": "Onboard charger",
"properties": {
"id": "onboard-charger",
"name": "Onboard charger",
"abbr": "OBC",
"section": "topic-infrastructure",
"definition": "The converter inside the vehicle that turns AC from a home or public socket into DC for the pack, typically rated 7–22 kW. DC fast chargers bypass it, which is why they can be so much more powerful.",
"related": [
"charger",
"dc-fast-charging",
"cc-cv-charging",
"un-r10",
"slow-charging"
],
"url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/onboard-charger/",
"mentions": []
}
},
{
"id": "term:dc-fast-charging",
"type": "Term",
"label": "DC fast charging",
"properties": {
"id": "dc-fast-charging",
"name": "DC fast charging",
"abbr": "DCFC",
"aka": [
"rapid charging",
"HPC"
],
"section": "topic-infrastructure",
"definition": "Charging from a station that supplies DC straight to the pack, bypassing the car’s onboard charger, at 50 kW to over 350 kW. The BMS, not the charger, sets the current from moment to moment, which is why the charge curve tapers as the pack fills.",
"related": [
"fast-charging",
"onboard-charger",
"pack-voltage",
"preconditioning",
"charging-curve",
"evse"
],
"url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/dc-fast-charging/",
"mentions": [
"charger",
"bms"
]
}
},
{
"id": "visual:charging-cccv",
"type": "Visual",
"label": "Compare charging profiles",
"properties": {
"title": "Compare charging profiles",
"summary": "See which quantity is held constant, when the phase changes and how charging ends.",
"readout": "Current holds at 5 A until the example 4.15 V threshold; voltage then holds while current tapers. The stop marker is a separate low-current termination condition.",
"formula": "CC: I = I_set · CV: V = V_limit",
"note": "Positive current charges the cell. Time is normalized; selected thresholds are not cell-specific recommendations. The voltage trace ends at termination; post-stop relaxation is excluded.",
"software": {
"status": "studio",
"label": "Lemonergy Studio charging controller",
"body": "The native controller regulates CC-CV charging. Its battery model uses charge balance, linear OCV and constant resistance. These authored profiles are explanatory, not its simulation output.",
"href": "https://design.lemonergy.com/cosim.html?example=charging-home"
},
"html": "Current profile
Charge current
\nVoltage profile
Cell voltage
"
}
},
{
"id": "reference:tomaszewska-charging",
"type": "Reference",
"label": "Lithium-ion battery fast charging: A review",
"properties": {
"title": "Lithium-ion battery fast charging: A review",
"publisher": "eTransportation",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etran.2019.100011",
"type": "Review article",
"scope": "CC-CV and alternative charging protocols, transport limitations, degradation and thermal implications; results depend on cell and test conditions. Software behavior is documented separately in Lemonergy block references.",
"year": 2019,
"authors": [
"Anna Tomaszewska et al."
],
"accessed": "2026-10-27"
}
}
]
}