{
"node": {
"id": "term:charge",
"type": "Term",
"label": "Charge",
"properties": {
"id": "charge",
"name": "Charge",
"aka": [
"charging"
],
"section": "topic-charging",
"definition": "Driving current into a cell so that lithium ions leave the positive electrode and are stored in the negative one, raising the cell voltage. It needs an external supply at a voltage above the cell’s own.",
"related": [
"discharge",
"cc-cv-charging",
"cutoff-voltage",
"charger",
"charging-modes"
],
"lesson": "fundamentals/cell-anatomy/#charge",
"url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/charge/",
"mentions": [
"electrode",
"positive-electrode",
"cell-voltage"
]
}
},
"edges": [
{
"id": "edge:1034",
"source": "term:charge",
"target": "topic:topic-charging",
"type": "belongsTo",
"properties": {
"sourceFile": "terms.json"
}
},
{
"id": "edge:1035",
"source": "term:charge",
"target": "term:discharge",
"type": "relatedTo",
"properties": {
"sourceFile": "terms.json",
"meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
}
},
{
"id": "edge:1036",
"source": "term:charge",
"target": "term:cc-cv-charging",
"type": "relatedTo",
"properties": {
"sourceFile": "terms.json",
"meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
}
},
{
"id": "edge:1037",
"source": "term:charge",
"target": "term:cutoff-voltage",
"type": "relatedTo",
"properties": {
"sourceFile": "terms.json",
"meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
}
},
{
"id": "edge:1038",
"source": "term:charge",
"target": "term:charger",
"type": "relatedTo",
"properties": {
"sourceFile": "terms.json",
"meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
}
},
{
"id": "edge:1039",
"source": "term:charge",
"target": "term:charging-modes",
"type": "relatedTo",
"properties": {
"sourceFile": "terms.json",
"meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
}
},
{
"id": "edge:mentions/charge/electrode",
"source": "term:charge",
"target": "term:electrode",
"type": "mentions",
"properties": {
"sourceFile": "terms.json",
"method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions",
"field": "definition",
"meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
}
},
{
"id": "edge:mentions/charge/positive-electrode",
"source": "term:charge",
"target": "term:positive-electrode",
"type": "mentions",
"properties": {
"sourceFile": "terms.json",
"method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions",
"field": "definition",
"meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
}
},
{
"id": "edge:mentions/charge/cell-voltage",
"source": "term:charge",
"target": "term:cell-voltage",
"type": "mentions",
"properties": {
"sourceFile": "terms.json",
"method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions",
"field": "definition",
"meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
}
},
{
"id": "edge:1043",
"source": "term:charge",
"target": "lesson:fundamentals/cell-anatomy/",
"type": "explainedIn",
"properties": {
"sourceFile": "terms.json",
"url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/cell-anatomy/#charge"
}
},
{
"id": "edge:1044",
"source": "term:charge",
"target": "visual:charging-cccv",
"type": "illustratedBy",
"properties": {
"sourceFile": "visual-pages.json"
}
}
],
"neighbors": [
{
"id": "topic:topic-charging",
"type": "Topic",
"label": "Charging and discharging",
"properties": {
"id": "topic-charging",
"name": "Charging and discharging",
"lede": "How current goes in and comes out, and the limits that stop it.",
"context": "Separate regulation from availability.",
"example": "The same CC–CV law can operate overnight or during a short depot stop.",
"lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/capacity-and-c-rate/",
"lesson_label": "Open charging quantities"
}
},
{
"id": "term:discharge",
"type": "Term",
"label": "Discharge",
"properties": {
"id": "discharge",
"name": "Discharge",
"aka": [
"discharging"
],
"section": "topic-charging",
"definition": "Drawing current from a cell: lithium ions leave the negative electrode, cross the electrolyte and enter the positive one, while electrons do work in the external circuit. The voltage falls as the cell empties.",
"related": [
"charge",
"discharge-curve",
"cutoff-voltage",
"depth-of-discharge",
"load"
],
"lesson": "fundamentals/cell-anatomy/#discharge",
"url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/discharge/",
"mentions": [
"electrode",
"negative-electrode",
"electrolyte"
]
}
},
{
"id": "term:cc-cv-charging",
"type": "Term",
"label": "CC-CV charging",
"properties": {
"id": "cc-cv-charging",
"name": "CC-CV charging",
"aka": [
"constant current constant voltage"
],
"section": "topic-charging",
"definition": "The standard lithium-ion charge protocol: constant current until the cell reaches its upper cutoff voltage, then that voltage held constant while the current tapers. The charge ends when the current falls to a set fraction, often C/20.",
"related": [
"constant-current",
"constant-voltage",
"cutoff-voltage",
"taper-current",
"fast-charging",
"cp-cv"
],
"lesson": "fundamentals/capacity-and-c-rate/#real-cells",
"example": {
"title": "Follow a two-stage charge",
"text": "For an illustrative 5 Ah cell, a 2.5 A current request is 0.5C. During CC the voltage rises. At the selected upper voltage, CV regulation holds voltage while current tapers. Completion requires the taper current to fall below the selected cutoff for the configured dwell."
},
"notes": [
"Choose voltage, current and temperature limits from the actual cell specification. These example values do not define a charging recipe."
],
"url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/cc-cv-charging/",
"mentions": []
}
},
{
"id": "term:cutoff-voltage",
"type": "Term",
"label": "Cutoff voltage",
"properties": {
"id": "cutoff-voltage",
"name": "Cutoff voltage",
"section": "topic-charging",
"definition": "The terminal-voltage limit that ends a discharge, or caps a charge — in constant-current, constant-voltage (CC-CV) charging the cell is then held at that voltage until the current falls to a cutoff. A real discharge ends at the lower cutoff, which is why actual runtime can differ from the ideal duration.",
"unit": "V",
"related": [
"voltage-window",
"cc-cv-charging",
"ideal-duration",
"over-discharge",
"overcharge"
],
"lesson": "fundamentals/capacity-and-c-rate/#real-cells",
"url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/cutoff-voltage/",
"mentions": [
"service-life"
]
}
},
{
"id": "term:charger",
"type": "Term",
"label": "Charger",
"properties": {
"id": "charger",
"name": "Charger",
"section": "topic-charging",
"definition": "The power electronics that convert mains or DC supply into the controlled current and voltage a battery needs. For lithium-ion it runs the CC-CV profile within the limits the BMS communicates, and stops rather than floats when the cell is full.",
"related": [
"cc-cv-charging",
"bms",
"onboard-charger",
"dc-fast-charging"
],
"url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/charger/",
"mentions": []
}
},
{
"id": "term:charging-modes",
"type": "Term",
"label": "Charging modes 1–4",
"properties": {
"id": "charging-modes",
"name": "Charging modes 1–4",
"aka": [
"IEC 61851",
"Mode 3",
"Mode 4"
],
"section": "topic-infrastructure",
"definition": "The IEC 61851 classes of conductive charging: mode 1 a plain domestic socket, mode 2 a socket with an in-cable control box, mode 3 a dedicated AC charging point with the control pilot, and mode 4 DC charging where the converter is in the station. Most public charging is mode 3 or 4.",
"related": [
"slow-charging",
"control-pilot",
"sae-j1772",
"evse",
"charging-levels",
"iec-62752"
],
"url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/charging-modes/",
"mentions": []
}
},
{
"id": "term:electrode",
"type": "Term",
"label": "Electrode",
"properties": {
"id": "electrode",
"name": "Electrode",
"section": "topic-components",
"definition": "A solid conductor where the cell’s reaction happens, in contact with the electrolyte. A lithium-ion cell has a negative electrode and a positive electrode, each a porous coating on a metal foil.",
"related": [
"negative-electrode",
"positive-electrode",
"porous-electrode",
"current-collector"
],
"lesson": "fundamentals/cell-anatomy/#components",
"example": {
"title": "Two transport paths",
"text": "Electrons need connected solid paths to the collector; ions need electrolyte paths to reaction sites. More of one constituent displaces others at fixed volume."
},
"url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/electrode/",
"mentions": [
"electrolyte",
"coating"
]
}
},
{
"id": "term:positive-electrode",
"type": "Term",
"label": "Positive electrode",
"properties": {
"id": "positive-electrode",
"name": "Positive electrode",
"section": "topic-components",
"definition": "The electrode at the higher potential: a lithium metal oxide or phosphate coated on aluminium foil. It is the lithium source when a cell is built, and industry calls it the cathode.",
"related": [
"cathode",
"cathode-active-material",
"negative-electrode",
"aluminium-foil"
],
"lesson": "fundamentals/cell-anatomy/#anode-cathode",
"example": {
"title": "Polarity and reaction",
"text": "The positive electrode retains its polarity label while its electrochemical reaction reverses between charge and discharge."
},
"url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/positive-electrode/",
"mentions": [
"electrode"
]
}
},
{
"id": "term:cell-voltage",
"type": "Term",
"label": "Cell voltage",
"properties": {
"id": "cell-voltage",
"name": "Cell voltage",
"aka": [
"electromotive force",
"EMF"
],
"section": "topic-electrochemistry",
"definition": "The difference between the positive and negative electrode potentials at equilibrium: for NMC against graphite about 3.7 V. It is set by the chemistry, and the difference in Gibbs free energy of the cell reaction per unit charge.",
"formula": "E = E₊ − E₋ = −ΔG / nF",
"unit": "V",
"related": [
"electrode-potential",
"gibbs-free-energy",
"open-circuit-voltage",
"nominal-voltage"
],
"example": {
"title": "Subtract equilibrium electrode potentials",
"text": "If two illustrative electrode potentials are 4.0 V and 0.2 V versus the same reference, their equilibrium cell voltage is 3.8 V. Under load, resistance and polarization change the measured terminal voltage."
},
"url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/cell-voltage/",
"mentions": [
"electrode",
"negative-electrode",
"graphite"
]
}
},
{
"id": "lesson:fundamentals/cell-anatomy/",
"type": "Lesson",
"label": "Lesson 1 · Cell anatomy",
"properties": {
"url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/cell-anatomy/"
}
},
{
"id": "visual:charging-cccv",
"type": "Visual",
"label": "Compare charging profiles",
"properties": {
"title": "Compare charging profiles",
"summary": "See which quantity is held constant, when the phase changes and how charging ends.",
"readout": "Current holds at 5 A until the example 4.15 V threshold; voltage then holds while current tapers. The stop marker is a separate low-current termination condition.",
"formula": "CC: I = I_set · CV: V = V_limit",
"note": "Positive current charges the cell. Time is normalized; selected thresholds are not cell-specific recommendations. The voltage trace ends at termination; post-stop relaxation is excluded.",
"software": {
"status": "studio",
"label": "Lemonergy Studio charging controller",
"body": "The native controller regulates CC-CV charging. Its battery model uses charge balance, linear OCV and constant resistance. These authored profiles are explanatory, not its simulation output.",
"href": "https://design.lemonergy.com/cosim.html?example=charging-home"
},
"html": "Current profile