{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:cfr-49",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "49 CFR",
    "properties": {
      "id": "cfr-49",
      "name": "49 CFR",
      "aka": [
        "Hazardous Materials Regulations",
        "HMR",
        "PHMSA",
        "49 CFR 173.185"
      ],
      "section": "topic-standards-vehicle",
      "definition": "Title 49 of the US Code of Federal Regulations, whose Hazardous Materials Regulations, issued by PHMSA, govern shipping batteries within and from the United States. Section 173.185 covers lithium cells and batteries: every design must pass UN 38.3, small cells and batteries get lighter rules, and damaged or recalled ones may travel only by road, rail or vessel.",
      "related": [
        "transport-regulations",
        "iata-dgr",
        "damaged-battery-transport",
        "adr-rid-adn"
      ],
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/cfr-49/",
      "mentions": []
    }
  },
  "edges": [
    {
      "id": "edge:6294",
      "source": "term:cfr-49",
      "target": "topic:topic-standards-vehicle",
      "type": "belongsTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:6295",
      "source": "term:cfr-49",
      "target": "term:transport-regulations",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:6296",
      "source": "term:cfr-49",
      "target": "term:iata-dgr",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:6297",
      "source": "term:cfr-49",
      "target": "term:damaged-battery-transport",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:6298",
      "source": "term:cfr-49",
      "target": "term:adr-rid-adn",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    }
  ],
  "neighbors": [
    {
      "id": "topic:topic-standards-vehicle",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Vehicle and transport standards",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-standards-vehicle",
        "name": "Vehicle and transport standards",
        "lede": "The regulations and standards a vehicle battery must meet to be approved, and the rules for shipping batteries by road, sea and air.",
        "context": "Check issuing organization, edition, scope and market.",
        "example": "Shipping tests and vehicle battery approval tests address different uses; passing one does not automatically satisfy another.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/battery-basics/",
        "lesson_label": "Open battery basics"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:transport-regulations",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "UN 38.3",
      "properties": {
        "id": "transport-regulations",
        "name": "UN 38.3",
        "aka": [
          "UN transport test",
          "lithium battery shipping"
        ],
        "section": "topic-standards-vehicle",
        "definition": "The United Nations test sequence that every lithium cell and battery must pass before it can be shipped: altitude, thermal cycling, vibration, shock, external short, impact or crush, overcharge and forced discharge. Air shipment of cells also caps state of charge at 30 %.",
        "related": [
          "shipping-soc",
          "abuse-testing",
          "iec-62133",
          "altitude-simulation-test"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/transport-regulations/",
        "mentions": [
          "overcharge",
          "state-of-charge"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:iata-dgr",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "IATA Dangerous Goods Regulations",
      "properties": {
        "id": "iata-dgr",
        "name": "IATA Dangerous Goods Regulations",
        "abbr": "DGR",
        "aka": [
          "IATA DGR",
          "packing instruction 965"
        ],
        "section": "topic-standards-vehicle",
        "definition": "The airline industry’s manual for shipping dangerous goods by air, built on the ICAO Technical Instructions and reissued every year. Lithium batteries fall under packing instructions 965–967 for lithium-ion — alone, packed with or inside equipment — and 968–970 for lithium metal. Lithium-ion batteries shipped alone must be at no more than 30 % state of charge; from 2026 so must those packed with equipment above 2.7 Wh.",
        "related": [
          "transport-regulations",
          "shipping-soc",
          "imdg-code",
          "adr-rid-adn",
          "cfr-49",
          "iec-62281"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/iata-dgr/",
        "mentions": [
          "state-of-charge"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:damaged-battery-transport",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Damaged and defective battery transport",
      "properties": {
        "id": "damaged-battery-transport",
        "name": "Damaged and defective battery transport",
        "aka": [
          "ADR SP 376",
          "SP 377",
          "critical defective battery"
        ],
        "section": "topic-recycling",
        "definition": "The dangerous-goods rules for moving lithium batteries that are damaged, defective or sent for disposal, set in ADR special provisions 376 and 377: specific packagings, and for batteries liable to react dangerously, packaging approved for that risk. A swollen or crashed pack is never shipped as an ordinary battery.",
        "related": [
          "reverse-logistics",
          "transport-regulations",
          "swelling",
          "thermal-runaway"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/damaged-battery-transport/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:adr-rid-adn",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "ADR, RID and ADN",
      "properties": {
        "id": "adr-rid-adn",
        "name": "ADR, RID and ADN",
        "aka": [
          "ADR",
          "RID",
          "ADN"
        ],
        "section": "topic-standards-vehicle",
        "definition": "The international agreements for carrying dangerous goods by road (ADR, under UNECE), rail (RID, under OTIF) and inland waterway (ADN), revised together every two years in line with the UN Model Regulations. They set how lithium cells and batteries are classified, packed, marked and documented on land; the rules for damaged or defective batteries sit in special provisions 376 and 377.",
        "related": [
          "damaged-battery-transport",
          "transport-regulations",
          "imdg-code",
          "iata-dgr",
          "iec-62281"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/adr-rid-adn/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    }
  ]
}