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        "definition": "The second phase of cell production: building the electrode–separator stack by winding or stacking, welding the tabs, inserting it into the case and filling the electrolyte. Most of it happens in the dry room.",
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        "definition": "The third phase of cell production: formation, degassing, aging and end-of-line testing. It is slow and ties up capital — cells sit for weeks — which is why shortening it is a major research goal.",
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        "definition": "A cell plant with an annual output of at least a few gigawatt-hours, enough for tens of thousands of electric cars. The term began as one company’s name for its plant and is now used for any large battery factory.",
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        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "A solid conductor where the cell’s reaction happens, in contact with the electrolyte. A lithium-ion cell has a negative electrode and a positive electrode, each a porous coating on a metal foil.",
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        "example": {
          "title": "Two transport paths",
          "text": "Electrons need connected solid paths to the collector; ions need electrolyte paths to reaction sites. More of one constituent displaces others at fixed volume."
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        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/electrode/",
        "mentions": [
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      "type": "Lesson",
      "label": "Lesson 3 · Cell production",
      "properties": {
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    },
    {
      "id": "reference:liu-manufacturing",
      "type": "Reference",
      "label": "Current and future lithium-ion battery manufacturing",
      "properties": {
        "title": "Current and future lithium-ion battery manufacturing",
        "publisher": "iScience",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2021.102332",
        "type": "Review article",
        "scope": "Electrode preparation, cell assembly, formation and manufacturing trade-offs.",
        "year": 2021,
        "authors": [
          "Yangtao Liu",
          "Ruihan Zhang",
          "Jun Wang",
          "Yan Wang"
        ],
        "accessed": "2026-10-27"
      }
    }
  ]
}