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      "definition": "The second phase of cell production: building the electrode–separator stack by winding or stacking, welding the tabs, inserting it into the case and filling the electrolyte. Most of it happens in the dry room.",
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        "name": "Manufacturing",
        "lede": "The steps that turn powders and foils into a finished cell, in production order.",
        "context": "Place operations and quality checks in process order.",
        "example": "An electrode can meet coating mass targets but fail adhesion or moisture checks later.",
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      "id": "term:winding",
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      "label": "Winding",
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        "id": "winding",
        "name": "Winding",
        "section": "topic-manufacturing",
        "definition": "Rolling the two electrode strips and two separator strips together around a mandrel into a jelly roll. It is fast and well understood, and it produces the round roll of a cylindrical cell or the flattened roll of many prismatic cells.",
        "related": [
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          "separator"
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      "id": "term:stacking",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Stacking",
      "properties": {
        "id": "stacking",
        "name": "Stacking",
        "aka": [
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          "lamination"
        ],
        "section": "topic-manufacturing",
        "definition": "Building a cell from individual electrode sheets interleaved with separator, either sheet by sheet or by folding a continuous separator in a zigzag. It uses the volume of a rectangular case better than winding but is slower and more exacting.",
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        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "separator"
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      "id": "term:tab-welding",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Tab welding",
      "properties": {
        "id": "tab-welding",
        "name": "Tab welding",
        "section": "topic-manufacturing",
        "definition": "Joining the bundle of foil tabs to the terminal tab, usually by ultrasonic welding, which bonds thin foils without melting them; laser welding is used for can-to-cap and busbar joints. A weak weld raises resistance and can fail in service.",
        "related": [
          "tab",
          "ultrasonic-welding",
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        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/tab-welding/",
        "mentions": [
          "busbar"
        ]
      }
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    {
      "id": "term:electrolyte-filling",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Electrolyte filling",
      "properties": {
        "id": "electrolyte-filling",
        "name": "Electrolyte filling",
        "section": "topic-manufacturing",
        "definition": "Injecting a measured volume of electrolyte into the sealed-but-for-one-opening cell, usually under vacuum followed by pressure so the liquid is pulled into the pores. The cell then rests for wetting before formation.",
        "related": [
          "wetting",
          "dry-room",
          "electrolyte",
          "cell-assembly"
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        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-production/#assembly",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/electrolyte-filling/",
        "mentions": [
          "formation"
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    },
    {
      "id": "term:cell-production",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Cell production",
      "properties": {
        "id": "cell-production",
        "name": "Cell production",
        "section": "topic-manufacturing",
        "definition": "The three-phase process that turns powders and foils into finished cells: electrode making, cell assembly and cell finishing. Electrode making is a roll-to-roll chemical process; assembly is precision mechanics; finishing is electrochemistry that takes weeks.",
        "related": [
          "electrode-manufacturing",
          "cell-assembly",
          "cell-finishing",
          "gigafactory"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-production/#three-phases",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/cell-production/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:electrode",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Electrode",
      "properties": {
        "id": "electrode",
        "name": "Electrode",
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "A solid conductor where the cell’s reaction happens, in contact with the electrolyte. A lithium-ion cell has a negative electrode and a positive electrode, each a porous coating on a metal foil.",
        "related": [
          "negative-electrode",
          "positive-electrode",
          "porous-electrode",
          "current-collector"
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        "example": {
          "title": "Two transport paths",
          "text": "Electrons need connected solid paths to the collector; ions need electrolyte paths to reaction sites. More of one constituent displaces others at fixed volume."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/electrode/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrolyte",
          "coating"
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    {
      "id": "term:separator",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Separator",
      "properties": {
        "id": "separator",
        "name": "Separator",
        "section": "topic-electrolytes",
        "definition": "A porous, electronically insulating film between the electrodes. Electrons cannot cross it; ions move through the electrolyte in its pores.",
        "related": [
          "electrolyte",
          "ceramic-coated-separator",
          "separator-shutdown",
          "internal-short-circuit",
          "porosity"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-architecture/#separator",
        "example": {
          "title": "Different conduction paths",
          "text": "A separator prevents direct electronic contact while permitting ionic transport through its electrolyte-filled structure."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/separator/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:electrolyte",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Electrolyte",
      "properties": {
        "id": "electrolyte",
        "name": "Electrolyte",
        "section": "topic-electrolytes",
        "definition": "The ion-conducting medium between the electrodes. In a liquid-electrolyte cell it fills the pores of both electrodes and the separator, so it is not a separate structural layer.",
        "related": [
          "lithium-salt",
          "carbonate-solvent",
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          "ionic-liquid-electrolyte"
        ],
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        "example": {
          "title": "Ions and electrons",
          "text": "Electrolyte carries ions between electrodes; the external circuit carries electrons. The two paths serve different roles."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/electrolyte/",
        "mentions": [
          "separator"
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    },
    {
      "id": "term:dry-room",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Dry room",
      "properties": {
        "id": "dry-room",
        "name": "Dry room",
        "section": "topic-manufacturing",
        "definition": "A production room whose air is kept extremely dry — dew points around −30 °C to −60 °C — so that no moisture reaches the cell while the electrolyte goes in. Water would react with the salt LiPF₆ to form hydrofluoric acid.",
        "related": [
          "dew-point",
          "vacuum-drying",
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          "lithium-salt"
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        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/dry-room/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrolyte",
          "hydrofluoric-acid",
          "lipf6"
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    },
    {
      "id": "lesson:fundamentals/cell-production/",
      "type": "Lesson",
      "label": "Lesson 3 · Cell production",
      "properties": {
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/cell-production/"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "reference:liu-manufacturing",
      "type": "Reference",
      "label": "Current and future lithium-ion battery manufacturing",
      "properties": {
        "title": "Current and future lithium-ion battery manufacturing",
        "publisher": "iScience",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2021.102332",
        "type": "Review article",
        "scope": "Electrode preparation, cell assembly, formation and manufacturing trade-offs.",
        "year": 2021,
        "authors": [
          "Yangtao Liu",
          "Ruihan Zhang",
          "Jun Wang",
          "Yan Wang"
        ],
        "accessed": "2026-10-27"
      }
    }
  ]
}