{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:calendering",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "Calendering",
    "properties": {
      "id": "calendering",
      "name": "Calendering",
      "section": "topic-manufacturing",
      "definition": "Compressing a dried electrode coating between rollers to set its thickness, density and porosity. It is one of the electrode-making steps in cell production.",
      "related": [
        "porosity",
        "electrode-density",
        "drying",
        "slitting"
      ],
      "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-production/#electrodes",
      "example": {
        "title": "Connect thickness and density",
        "text": "At fixed mass and area, reducing thickness raises bulk density. The pore structure still needs to support wetting and transport."
      },
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/calendering/",
      "mentions": [
        "electrode",
        "cell-production",
        "coating"
      ]
    }
  },
  "edges": [
    {
      "id": "edge:2317",
      "source": "term:calendering",
      "target": "topic:topic-manufacturing",
      "type": "belongsTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:2318",
      "source": "term:calendering",
      "target": "term:porosity",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:2319",
      "source": "term:calendering",
      "target": "term:electrode-density",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:2320",
      "source": "term:calendering",
      "target": "term:drying",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:2321",
      "source": "term:calendering",
      "target": "term:slitting",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/calendering/electrode",
      "source": "term:calendering",
      "target": "term:electrode",
      "type": "mentions",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions",
        "field": "definition",
        "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/calendering/cell-production",
      "source": "term:calendering",
      "target": "term:cell-production",
      "type": "mentions",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions",
        "field": "definition",
        "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/calendering/coating",
      "source": "term:calendering",
      "target": "term:coating",
      "type": "mentions",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions",
        "field": "definition",
        "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:2325",
      "source": "term:calendering",
      "target": "lesson:fundamentals/cell-production/",
      "type": "explainedIn",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/cell-production/#electrodes"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:2326",
      "source": "term:calendering",
      "target": "reference:liu-manufacturing",
      "type": "cites",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "wiki-references.json",
        "scope": "direct technical reference"
      }
    }
  ],
  "neighbors": [
    {
      "id": "topic:topic-manufacturing",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Manufacturing",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-manufacturing",
        "name": "Manufacturing",
        "lede": "The steps that turn powders and foils into a finished cell, in production order.",
        "context": "Place operations and quality checks in process order.",
        "example": "An electrode can meet coating mass targets but fail adhesion or moisture checks later.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/cell-production/",
        "lesson_label": "Open production"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:porosity",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Porosity",
      "properties": {
        "id": "porosity",
        "name": "Porosity",
        "abbr": "ε",
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "The fraction of a layer’s volume that is empty space. In a lithium-ion electrode the pores — roughly 20–35 % of the volume after calendering — are filled with electrolyte, which carries ions to the particles.",
        "unit": "—",
        "related": [
          "porous-electrode",
          "tortuosity",
          "calendering",
          "bruggeman-relation"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-architecture/#porosity",
        "example": {
          "title": "Use the volume basis",
          "text": "Pore volume of 0.3 cm³ within 1 cm³ total electrode volume means 30% porosity. It does not specify connectivity or tortuosity."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/porosity/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "electrolyte"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:electrode-density",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Electrode density",
      "properties": {
        "id": "electrode-density",
        "name": "Electrode density",
        "aka": [
          "press density"
        ],
        "section": "topic-manufacturing",
        "definition": "The mass of coating per unit volume after calendering, around 1.6 g/cm³ for graphite and 3.4–3.6 g/cm³ for NMC. Higher density raises energy density but lowers porosity and slows ion transport.",
        "unit": "g/cm³",
        "related": [
          "calendering",
          "porosity",
          "energy-density",
          "areal-loading",
          "tap-density"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/electrode-density/",
        "mentions": [
          "graphite",
          "coating"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:drying",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Drying",
      "properties": {
        "id": "drying",
        "name": "Drying",
        "section": "topic-manufacturing",
        "definition": "Evaporating the solvent from the wet coating in an oven tens of metres long. Drying too fast drives binder to the surface and weakens adhesion to the foil; it is the most energy-hungry step in the plant.",
        "related": [
          "coating",
          "nmp",
          "solvent-recovery",
          "binder-migration",
          "calendering"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-production/#electrodes",
        "example": {
          "title": "Identify what the measurement proves",
          "text": "Final coating mass alone does not prove uniform binder distribution or acceptable residual moisture."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/drying/",
        "mentions": [
          "binder"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:slitting",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Slitting",
      "properties": {
        "id": "slitting",
        "name": "Slitting",
        "section": "topic-manufacturing",
        "definition": "Cutting the wide coated roll into the narrow strips a cell needs, with rotary knives. A clean edge matters: burrs can pierce the separator and cause an internal short.",
        "related": [
          "notching",
          "internal-short-circuit",
          "calendering"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-production/#electrodes",
        "example": {
          "title": "Check width and edges",
          "text": "Cutting a coated roll to width creates new edges. Width accuracy and edge quality are separate checks."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/slitting/",
        "mentions": [
          "separator",
          "burr"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:electrode",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Electrode",
      "properties": {
        "id": "electrode",
        "name": "Electrode",
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "A solid conductor where the cell’s reaction happens, in contact with the electrolyte. A lithium-ion cell has a negative electrode and a positive electrode, each a porous coating on a metal foil.",
        "related": [
          "negative-electrode",
          "positive-electrode",
          "porous-electrode",
          "current-collector"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-anatomy/#components",
        "example": {
          "title": "Two transport paths",
          "text": "Electrons need connected solid paths to the collector; ions need electrolyte paths to reaction sites. More of one constituent displaces others at fixed volume."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/electrode/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrolyte",
          "coating"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:cell-production",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Cell production",
      "properties": {
        "id": "cell-production",
        "name": "Cell production",
        "section": "topic-manufacturing",
        "definition": "The three-phase process that turns powders and foils into finished cells: electrode making, cell assembly and cell finishing. Electrode making is a roll-to-roll chemical process; assembly is precision mechanics; finishing is electrochemistry that takes weeks.",
        "related": [
          "electrode-manufacturing",
          "cell-assembly",
          "cell-finishing",
          "gigafactory"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-production/#three-phases",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/cell-production/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:coating",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Coating",
      "properties": {
        "id": "coating",
        "name": "Coating",
        "section": "topic-manufacturing",
        "definition": "Applying slurry to the moving foil at a controlled wet thickness, usually with a slot die, often on both sides. Coating weight per area must be held within about one percent across the web, because every downstream property depends on it.",
        "related": [
          "slot-die",
          "areal-loading",
          "drying",
          "electrode-manufacturing"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-production/#electrodes",
        "example": {
          "title": "Wet and dry thickness differ",
          "text": "Wet coating includes solvent. Dry thickness also depends on retained solids and resulting structure."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/coating/",
        "mentions": [
          "slurry"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "lesson:fundamentals/cell-production/",
      "type": "Lesson",
      "label": "Lesson 3 · Cell production",
      "properties": {
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/cell-production/"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "reference:liu-manufacturing",
      "type": "Reference",
      "label": "Current and future lithium-ion battery manufacturing",
      "properties": {
        "title": "Current and future lithium-ion battery manufacturing",
        "publisher": "iScience",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2021.102332",
        "type": "Review article",
        "scope": "Electrode preparation, cell assembly, formation and manufacturing trade-offs.",
        "year": 2021,
        "authors": [
          "Yangtao Liu",
          "Ruihan Zhang",
          "Jun Wang",
          "Yan Wang"
        ],
        "accessed": "2026-10-27"
      }
    }
  ]
}