{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:bms-cybersecurity",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "BMS cybersecurity",
    "properties": {
      "id": "bms-cybersecurity",
      "name": "BMS cybersecurity",
      "aka": [
        "battery cybersecurity",
        "UN R155",
        "ISO/SAE 21434"
      ],
      "section": "topic-data",
      "definition": "Protecting a battery’s controllers and data from manipulation through authenticated messages, signed firmware, secure boot and locked diagnostic access; a spoofed limit could overcharge cells. UN R155 has required a certified cybersecurity management system for new EU vehicle types since July 2022, with ISO/SAE 21434 as the engineering standard.",
      "related": [
        "over-the-air-update",
        "firmware",
        "can-bus",
        "uds",
        "functional-safety"
      ],
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/bms-cybersecurity/",
      "mentions": [
        "overcharge"
      ]
    }
  },
  "edges": [
    {
      "id": "edge:5202",
      "source": "term:bms-cybersecurity",
      "target": "topic:topic-data",
      "type": "belongsTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5203",
      "source": "term:bms-cybersecurity",
      "target": "term:over-the-air-update",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5204",
      "source": "term:bms-cybersecurity",
      "target": "term:firmware",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5205",
      "source": "term:bms-cybersecurity",
      "target": "term:can-bus",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5206",
      "source": "term:bms-cybersecurity",
      "target": "term:uds",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5207",
      "source": "term:bms-cybersecurity",
      "target": "term:functional-safety",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/bms-cybersecurity/overcharge",
      "source": "term:bms-cybersecurity",
      "target": "term:overcharge",
      "type": "mentions",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions",
        "field": "definition",
        "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
      }
    }
  ],
  "neighbors": [
    {
      "id": "topic:topic-data",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Data, communication and electronics",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-data",
        "name": "Data, communication and electronics",
        "lede": "The control units, chips, protocols and file formats through which a battery is measured, controlled and logged.",
        "context": "Separate quantities from encoding and transport.",
        "example": "2500 in a log might mean 25.00 °C, 2.5 V or raw counts. Units and scale must accompany the value.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/battery-basics/",
        "lesson_label": "Open battery basics"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:over-the-air-update",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Over-the-air update",
      "properties": {
        "id": "over-the-air-update",
        "name": "Over-the-air update",
        "abbr": "OTA",
        "aka": [
          "OTA update",
          "FOTA",
          "SOTA",
          "over the air"
        ],
        "section": "topic-data",
        "definition": "Updating a controller’s firmware or calibration remotely over a cellular or Wi-Fi link instead of at a workshop. For a BMS it lets fixes to SOC estimation or charging limits reach a whole fleet, but needs signed images, a fallback copy and a safe vehicle state; UN R156 governs how manufacturers manage such updates.",
        "related": [
          "firmware",
          "flashing",
          "bms-cybersecurity",
          "fleet-telematics",
          "cloud-bms"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/over-the-air-update/",
        "mentions": [
          "state-of-charge",
          "bms"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:firmware",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Firmware",
      "properties": {
        "id": "firmware",
        "name": "Firmware",
        "aka": [
          "embedded software",
          "BMS software"
        ],
        "section": "topic-data",
        "definition": "The software that runs on a BMS or charger controller. Its version decides how SOC, limits and faults behave, so it is tracked like a part number, updated by flashing over CAN or over the air, and recorded in the battery passport.",
        "related": [
          "mcu",
          "flashing",
          "bmu",
          "battery-passport",
          "functional-safety"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/firmware/",
        "mentions": [
          "charger",
          "state-of-charge",
          "bms",
          "over-the-air-update"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:can-bus",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "CAN bus",
      "properties": {
        "id": "can-bus",
        "name": "CAN bus",
        "aka": [
          "Controller Area Network",
          "ISO 11898"
        ],
        "section": "topic-pack",
        "definition": "The serial network over which a BMS talks to the vehicle or inverter: a two-wire differential bus, defined in ISO 11898, carrying short prioritised messages at up to 1 Mbit/s, or faster with CAN FD. Every node hears every message, and a dominant bit wins arbitration without any collision.",
        "related": [
          "can-high-low",
          "can-fd",
          "termination-resistor",
          "bms",
          "lin-bus",
          "fms-interface"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/can-bus/",
        "mentions": [
          "inverter"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:uds",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Unified diagnostic services",
      "properties": {
        "id": "uds",
        "name": "Unified diagnostic services",
        "abbr": "UDS",
        "aka": [
          "ISO 14229"
        ],
        "section": "topic-data",
        "definition": "The standard diagnostic protocol of vehicle controllers, ISO 14229: services to read data and fault codes, run routines, change sessions and flash firmware. A service tool talks UDS to the BMU over CAN to read cell data, clear faults or update software.",
        "related": [
          "dtc",
          "flashing",
          "can-bus",
          "odx",
          "ecu"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/uds/",
        "mentions": [
          "bmu",
          "firmware"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:functional-safety",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Functional safety",
      "properties": {
        "id": "functional-safety",
        "name": "Functional safety",
        "abbr": "ISO 26262",
        "aka": [
          "ASIL"
        ],
        "section": "topic-hvsafety",
        "definition": "The discipline, standardised for vehicles in ISO 26262, of making sure electronic failures do not cause harm. Battery functions such as overvoltage protection are classified by risk into ASIL levels A to D, which set how redundant and verified their hardware and software must be.",
        "related": [
          "bms",
          "high-voltage-interlock",
          "insulation-resistance",
          "fmea",
          "mcu",
          "iso-13849"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/functional-safety/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:overcharge",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Overcharge",
      "properties": {
        "id": "overcharge",
        "name": "Overcharge",
        "section": "topic-charging",
        "definition": "Charging past the upper cutoff voltage. The positive electrode over-delithiates and releases oxygen, the electrolyte oxidises and lithium plates on the negative, so an unprotected overcharge can end in thermal runaway.",
        "related": [
          "cutoff-voltage",
          "thermal-runaway",
          "bms",
          "overcharge-test",
          "electrolyte-decomposition"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/overcharge/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "positive-electrode",
          "electrolyte"
        ]
      }
    }
  ]
}