{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:bipolar-battery",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "Bipolar battery",
    "properties": {
      "id": "bipolar-battery",
      "name": "Bipolar battery",
      "aka": [
        "bipolar electrode",
        "bipolar stacking"
      ],
      "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
      "definition": "A battery built from bipolar electrodes: one shared current collector carries positive material on one face and negative material on the other, so stacked layers form cells in series inside one housing. Current flows straight through the stack instead of through tabs and busbars, cutting resistance and parts; Toyota’s 2021 Aqua hybrid used a bipolar nickel–metal hydride pack.",
      "related": [
        "series-parallel",
        "current-collector",
        "nickel-metal-hydride",
        "solid-state-battery",
        "busbar",
        "lead-acid"
      ],
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/bipolar-battery/",
      "mentions": []
    }
  },
  "edges": [
    {
      "id": "edge:5823",
      "source": "term:bipolar-battery",
      "target": "topic:topic-other-chemistries",
      "type": "belongsTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5824",
      "source": "term:bipolar-battery",
      "target": "term:series-parallel",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5825",
      "source": "term:bipolar-battery",
      "target": "term:current-collector",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5826",
      "source": "term:bipolar-battery",
      "target": "term:nickel-metal-hydride",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5827",
      "source": "term:bipolar-battery",
      "target": "term:solid-state-battery",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5828",
      "source": "term:bipolar-battery",
      "target": "term:busbar",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5829",
      "source": "term:bipolar-battery",
      "target": "term:lead-acid",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    }
  ],
  "neighbors": [
    {
      "id": "topic:topic-other-chemistries",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Other and emerging chemistries",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "name": "Other and emerging chemistries",
        "lede": "Batteries beyond today’s lithium-ion: lead, nickel and primary cells, flow and metal–air batteries, solid-state and lithium-metal cells, and the multivalent and sodium chemistries in development.",
        "context": "Do not carry lithium-ion assumptions into every chemistry.",
        "example": "Two chemistries can meet the same energy target with different voltage windows and charge termination.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/cell-anatomy/",
        "lesson_label": "Open cell anatomy"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:series-parallel",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Series and parallel connection",
      "properties": {
        "id": "series-parallel",
        "name": "Series and parallel connection",
        "aka": [
          "xSyP"
        ],
        "section": "topic-pack",
        "definition": "Cells in series add their voltages; cells in parallel add their capacities and share current. A pack is described as, for example, 96s4p: 96 groups in series, each of 4 cells in parallel. Series strings need balancing; parallel groups self-balance through their shared terminals.",
        "formula": "V = n_s·V_cell, Q = n_p·Q_cell",
        "related": [
          "module",
          "cell-balancing",
          "pack-voltage",
          "volt",
          "fuse"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/battery-basics/#cell-module-pack",
        "example": {
          "title": "Assemble an ideal 4s2p pack",
          "text": "Eight identical 3.6 V, 5 Ah cells arranged as four series groups with two cells in parallel give 14.4 V nominal, 10 Ah and 144 Wh. Interconnect losses, cell variation and usable voltage limits are additional constraints."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/series-parallel/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:current-collector",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Current collector",
      "properties": {
        "id": "current-collector",
        "name": "Current collector",
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "The thin metal foil that carries electrons between an electrode and the external circuit — usually copper on the negative side and aluminium on the positive side.",
        "related": [
          "copper-foil",
          "aluminium-foil",
          "tab",
          "electronic-path"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-anatomy/#components",
        "example": {
          "title": "Follow current to a tab",
          "text": "Current converges through foil toward the tab. The collector contributes mass and resistance without being the principal active material."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/current-collector/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:nickel-metal-hydride",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Nickel–metal hydride battery",
      "properties": {
        "id": "nickel-metal-hydride",
        "name": "Nickel–metal hydride battery",
        "abbr": "NiMH",
        "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "definition": "A 1.2 V aqueous cell with a nickel hydroxide positive electrode and a hydrogen-absorbing alloy negative. It powered hybrid cars for two decades and is tolerant of abuse, but lithium-ion stores two to three times more energy per kilogram.",
        "related": [
          "hybrid-vehicle",
          "memory-effect",
          "specific-energy",
          "bipolar-battery",
          "nickel-hydrogen"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/nickel-metal-hydride/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "positive-electrode"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:solid-state-battery",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Solid-state battery",
      "properties": {
        "id": "solid-state-battery",
        "name": "Solid-state battery",
        "abbr": "ASSB",
        "aka": [
          "all-solid-state battery"
        ],
        "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "definition": "A cell whose electrolyte is a solid rather than a liquid. It removes the flammable solvent and may allow a lithium-metal anode, but needs intimate solid–solid contact and, for most chemistries, stack pressure to keep it.",
        "related": [
          "solid-electrolyte",
          "lithium-metal-anode",
          "stack-pressure",
          "semi-solid-battery",
          "sintering"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/solid-state-cell-production/#why",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/solid-state-battery/",
        "mentions": [
          "anode",
          "electrolyte"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:busbar",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Busbar",
      "properties": {
        "id": "busbar",
        "name": "Busbar",
        "section": "topic-pack",
        "definition": "A rigid copper or aluminium conductor that joins cell terminals into series and parallel groups, and modules into the pack. Its cross-section is sized for current and heating, and its joints — welded or bolted — are a classic source of resistance and failure.",
        "related": [
          "series-parallel",
          "terminal",
          "laser-welding",
          "internal-resistance",
          "wire-bonding"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/busbar/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:lead-acid",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Lead–acid battery",
      "properties": {
        "id": "lead-acid",
        "name": "Lead–acid battery",
        "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "definition": "The oldest rechargeable chemistry, lead and lead dioxide electrodes in sulfuric acid, at 2 V per cell. Heavy and short-lived in deep cycling but cheap, recyclable and good at cold cranking, it still starts most cars and backs up most telecom sites.",
        "related": [
          "nominal-voltage",
          "recycling",
          "specific-energy"
        ],
        "lesson": "labs/battery-materials-lab/#bml-market",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/lead-acid/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    }
  ]
}