{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:battery-value-chain",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "Battery value chain",
    "properties": {
      "id": "battery-value-chain",
      "name": "Battery value chain",
      "aka": [
        "battery supply chain"
      ],
      "section": "topic-sustainability",
      "definition": "The sequence of industries a battery passes through: mining and refining of lithium, nickel, cobalt, manganese and graphite; active-material and component production; cell manufacturing; module and pack assembly; use in a vehicle or storage system; second life; and recycling back into materials. Refining is where supply is most concentrated, so policy focuses there.",
      "related": [
        "critical-raw-materials",
        "cell-production",
        "second-life",
        "recycling",
        "due-diligence",
        "battery-passport"
      ],
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/battery-value-chain/",
      "mentions": [
        "graphite",
        "cobalt",
        "manganese"
      ]
    }
  },
  "edges": [
    {
      "id": "edge:6966",
      "source": "term:battery-value-chain",
      "target": "topic:topic-sustainability",
      "type": "belongsTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:6967",
      "source": "term:battery-value-chain",
      "target": "term:critical-raw-materials",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:6968",
      "source": "term:battery-value-chain",
      "target": "term:cell-production",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:6969",
      "source": "term:battery-value-chain",
      "target": "term:second-life",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:6970",
      "source": "term:battery-value-chain",
      "target": "term:recycling",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:6971",
      "source": "term:battery-value-chain",
      "target": "term:due-diligence",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:6972",
      "source": "term:battery-value-chain",
      "target": "term:battery-passport",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/battery-value-chain/graphite",
      "source": "term:battery-value-chain",
      "target": "term:graphite",
      "type": "mentions",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions",
        "field": "definition",
        "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/battery-value-chain/cobalt",
      "source": "term:battery-value-chain",
      "target": "term:cobalt",
      "type": "mentions",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions",
        "field": "definition",
        "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/battery-value-chain/manganese",
      "source": "term:battery-value-chain",
      "target": "term:manganese",
      "type": "mentions",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions",
        "field": "definition",
        "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
      }
    }
  ],
  "neighbors": [
    {
      "id": "topic:topic-sustainability",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Supply chain and regulation",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-sustainability",
        "name": "Supply chain and regulation",
        "lede": "Where the materials come from, what a battery’s carbon footprint is, and the rules that govern it from mine to market.",
        "context": "Keep boundaries, dates, geography and units.",
        "example": "Carbon footprints can be compared only with compatible boundaries and functional units.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/cell-production/",
        "lesson_label": "Open production context"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:critical-raw-materials",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Critical raw materials",
      "properties": {
        "id": "critical-raw-materials",
        "name": "Critical raw materials",
        "section": "topic-sustainability",
        "definition": "Materials that an economy depends on and whose supply is concentrated or at risk: for batteries, lithium, cobalt, nickel, natural graphite and manganese. The EU and US both list them and attach sourcing and recycling targets.",
        "related": [
          "lithium-carbonate",
          "cobalt",
          "natural-graphite",
          "eu-battery-regulation",
          "recycling"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/critical-raw-materials/",
        "mentions": [
          "graphite",
          "manganese"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:cell-production",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Cell production",
      "properties": {
        "id": "cell-production",
        "name": "Cell production",
        "section": "topic-manufacturing",
        "definition": "The three-phase process that turns powders and foils into finished cells: electrode making, cell assembly and cell finishing. Electrode making is a roll-to-roll chemical process; assembly is precision mechanics; finishing is electrochemistry that takes weeks.",
        "related": [
          "electrode-manufacturing",
          "cell-assembly",
          "cell-finishing",
          "gigafactory"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-production/#three-phases",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/cell-production/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:second-life",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Second life",
      "properties": {
        "id": "second-life",
        "name": "Second life",
        "aka": [
          "repurposing"
        ],
        "section": "topic-recycling",
        "definition": "Using vehicle packs that have reached their automotive end of life, with 70–80 % capacity left, in less demanding stationary storage before recycling. Grading the used cells and the liability for them are the practical obstacles.",
        "related": [
          "end-of-life",
          "stationary-storage",
          "state-of-health",
          "recycling",
          "battery-passport",
          "battery-triage"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/second-life/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:recycling",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Battery recycling",
      "properties": {
        "id": "recycling",
        "name": "Battery recycling",
        "section": "topic-recycling",
        "definition": "Recovering lithium, nickel, cobalt, copper and aluminium from end-of-life cells and production scrap. Scrap is today’s main feedstock; vehicle returns will dominate in the 2030s, and regulation now sets minimum recovery rates.",
        "related": [
          "black-mass",
          "hydrometallurgy",
          "pyrometallurgy",
          "direct-recycling",
          "eu-battery-regulation",
          "collection-target"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/recycling/",
        "mentions": [
          "cobalt",
          "production-scrap"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:due-diligence",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Supply-chain due diligence",
      "properties": {
        "id": "due-diligence",
        "name": "Supply-chain due diligence",
        "section": "topic-sustainability",
        "definition": "The obligation on battery makers to identify and address human-rights and environmental risks in their raw-material supply chains, following OECD guidance, and now a legal requirement in the EU for cobalt, lithium, nickel and graphite.",
        "related": [
          "cobalt",
          "eu-battery-regulation",
          "critical-raw-materials",
          "battery-passport"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/due-diligence/",
        "mentions": [
          "graphite"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:battery-passport",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Battery passport",
      "properties": {
        "id": "battery-passport",
        "name": "Battery passport",
        "section": "topic-sustainability",
        "definition": "A digital record for each electric-vehicle and industrial battery, required in the EU from 2027, holding its composition, carbon footprint, due-diligence data, state of health and repair history, accessible by QR code.",
        "related": [
          "eu-battery-regulation",
          "traceability",
          "carbon-footprint",
          "state-of-health",
          "recycled-content",
          "battery-pack-aadhaar-number"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/battery-passport/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:graphite",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Graphite",
      "properties": {
        "id": "graphite",
        "name": "Graphite",
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "Layered carbon, the negative active material of nearly all lithium-ion cells. Lithium intercalates between its layers up to LiC₆, a theoretical 372 mAh/g, at a potential about 0.1 V above lithium metal.",
        "related": [
          "anode-active-material",
          "intercalation",
          "natural-graphite",
          "synthetic-graphite",
          "lithium-plating"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-anatomy/#components",
        "example": {
          "title": "Compare matching mass bases",
          "text": "A graphite value per gram of active material cannot be directly compared with a value including binder, additive and foil."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/graphite/",
        "mentions": [
          "milliampere-hour",
          "active-material"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:cobalt",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Cobalt",
      "properties": {
        "id": "cobalt",
        "name": "Cobalt",
        "section": "topic-sustainability",
        "definition": "The metal that stabilises layered-oxide cathodes, mined largely in the Democratic Republic of Congo under scrutiny for working conditions. Its price and ethics have driven the industry from LCO and NMC111 towards high-nickel and cobalt-free LFP.",
        "related": [
          "nmc",
          "lco",
          "high-nickel",
          "critical-raw-materials",
          "due-diligence"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/cobalt/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:manganese",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Manganese",
      "properties": {
        "id": "manganese",
        "name": "Manganese",
        "aka": [
          "manganese sulfate",
          "high-purity manganese sulfate",
          "HPMSM"
        ],
        "section": "topic-sustainability",
        "definition": "A cheap, abundant metal used in NMC, LMO and LMFP positive electrodes and in alkaline cells. Ore comes mostly from South Africa, Gabon and Australia, but about 95 % of battery-grade high-purity manganese sulfate was refined in China in 2024, which puts manganese on critical-raw-material lists despite plentiful reserves.",
        "related": [
          "nmc",
          "lmo",
          "lmfp",
          "critical-raw-materials",
          "cobalt",
          "nickel-sulfate"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/manganese/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    }
  ]
}