{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:battery-emulator",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "Battery and cell emulator",
    "properties": {
      "id": "battery-emulator",
      "name": "Battery and cell emulator",
      "section": "topic-data",
      "definition": "A programmable power source that behaves like a battery or like each cell of a string, so a BMS or charger can be tested at any voltage, state of charge or fault without real cells. Cell emulators drive every AFE input separately.",
      "related": [
        "hil",
        "afe",
        "fpga",
        "cycler"
      ],
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/battery-emulator/",
      "mentions": [
        "charger",
        "state-of-charge",
        "bms"
      ]
    }
  },
  "edges": [
    {
      "id": "edge:4106",
      "source": "term:battery-emulator",
      "target": "topic:topic-data",
      "type": "belongsTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:4107",
      "source": "term:battery-emulator",
      "target": "term:hil",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:4108",
      "source": "term:battery-emulator",
      "target": "term:afe",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:4109",
      "source": "term:battery-emulator",
      "target": "term:fpga",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:4110",
      "source": "term:battery-emulator",
      "target": "term:cycler",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/battery-emulator/charger",
      "source": "term:battery-emulator",
      "target": "term:charger",
      "type": "mentions",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions",
        "field": "definition",
        "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/battery-emulator/state-of-charge",
      "source": "term:battery-emulator",
      "target": "term:state-of-charge",
      "type": "mentions",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions",
        "field": "definition",
        "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/battery-emulator/bms",
      "source": "term:battery-emulator",
      "target": "term:bms",
      "type": "mentions",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions",
        "field": "definition",
        "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
      }
    }
  ],
  "neighbors": [
    {
      "id": "topic:topic-data",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Data, communication and electronics",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-data",
        "name": "Data, communication and electronics",
        "lede": "The control units, chips, protocols and file formats through which a battery is measured, controlled and logged.",
        "context": "Separate quantities from encoding and transport.",
        "example": "2500 in a log might mean 25.00 °C, 2.5 V or raw counts. Units and scale must accompany the value.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/battery-basics/",
        "lesson_label": "Open battery basics"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:hil",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Hardware-in-the-loop",
      "properties": {
        "id": "hil",
        "name": "Hardware-in-the-loop",
        "abbr": "HIL",
        "aka": [
          "SIL",
          "MIL",
          "software-in-the-loop",
          "model-in-the-loop"
        ],
        "section": "topic-data",
        "definition": "Testing a real BMS controller against a real-time simulation of the battery, vehicle and charger, so faults that would be dangerous on real cells can be injected safely. It follows model-in-the-loop and software-in-the-loop, where the same logic is tested as a model or as code on a PC.",
        "related": [
          "battery-emulator",
          "fpga",
          "bmu",
          "functional-safety",
          "equivalent-circuit-model",
          "fault-injection-testing"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/hil/",
        "mentions": [
          "charger",
          "bms"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:afe",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Analog front end",
      "properties": {
        "id": "afe",
        "name": "Analog front end",
        "abbr": "AFE",
        "aka": [
          "cell monitoring IC",
          "battery monitor IC",
          "BMIC"
        ],
        "section": "topic-data",
        "definition": "The integrated circuit that measures a stack of series cells — typically 6 to 18 per chip — with millivolt accuracy, reads thermistors, switches balancing and talks to the controller over an isolated daisy chain. It is the part of a BMS that touches the cells, and its accuracy limits how well SOC can be known.",
        "related": [
          "cell-supervision-circuit",
          "isospi",
          "voltage-sense",
          "cell-balancing",
          "adc",
          "bmu"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/afe/",
        "mentions": [
          "state-of-charge",
          "bms"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:fpga",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Field-programmable gate array",
      "properties": {
        "id": "fpga",
        "name": "Field-programmable gate array",
        "abbr": "FPGA",
        "aka": [
          "Xilinx",
          "AMD FPGA"
        ],
        "section": "topic-data",
        "definition": "A chip whose logic is configured after manufacture, best known from Xilinx, now AMD, and Intel. In battery work it appears where timing must be exact and fast: test-bench and HIL simulators that emulate cells in microseconds, high-speed data acquisition, and some fast protection and power-electronics control.",
        "related": [
          "hil",
          "mcu",
          "adc",
          "battery-emulator"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/fpga/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:cycler",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Battery cycler",
      "properties": {
        "id": "cycler",
        "name": "Battery cycler",
        "aka": [
          "battery tester",
          "cycling channel"
        ],
        "section": "topic-testing",
        "definition": "The instrument that charges and discharges cells to a programmed schedule while logging voltage, current and temperature, with one independent channel per cell. Laboratory cyclers resolve microvolts; production formation cyclers handle thousands of cells at once.",
        "related": [
          "testing",
          "capacity-test",
          "potentiostat",
          "formation",
          "cycler-file-formats"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/cycler/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:charger",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Charger",
      "properties": {
        "id": "charger",
        "name": "Charger",
        "section": "topic-charging",
        "definition": "The power electronics that convert mains or DC supply into the controlled current and voltage a battery needs. For lithium-ion it runs the CC-CV profile within the limits the BMS communicates, and stops rather than floats when the cell is full.",
        "related": [
          "cc-cv-charging",
          "bms",
          "onboard-charger",
          "dc-fast-charging"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/charger/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:state-of-charge",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "State of charge",
      "properties": {
        "id": "state-of-charge",
        "name": "State of charge",
        "abbr": "SOC",
        "section": "topic-state",
        "definition": "How full a cell is, as a fraction of its available capacity. State of charge, like temperature, affects how fast a stored cell ages.",
        "unit": "%",
        "related": [
          "depth-of-discharge",
          "ocv-soc-curve",
          "coulomb-counting",
          "state-of-health",
          "bms"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/battery-aging/#storage-soc",
        "example": {
          "title": "Interpret a charge inventory",
          "text": "If available capacity is 5 Ah and 3 Ah remains by the chosen estimator, SOC is 60%. A different estimate of available capacity changes this percentage, so compare SOC values only with the capacity convention recorded."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/state-of-charge/",
        "mentions": [
          "usable-capacity"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:bms",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Battery management system",
      "properties": {
        "id": "bms",
        "name": "Battery management system",
        "abbr": "BMS",
        "section": "topic-pack",
        "definition": "The electronics and software that keep a battery inside its safe window: measuring every cell voltage and many temperatures, estimating SOC and SOH, balancing cells, computing current limits, controlling the contactors and reporting over the vehicle network.",
        "related": [
          "state-of-charge",
          "cell-balancing",
          "state-of-power",
          "cell-supervision-circuit",
          "contactor",
          "can-bus"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/battery-basics/#cell-module-pack",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/bms/",
        "mentions": [
          "state-of-health",
          "cell-voltage"
        ]
      }
    }
  ]
}