{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:aqueous-zinc-ion",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "Aqueous zinc-ion battery",
    "properties": {
      "id": "aqueous-zinc-ion",
      "name": "Aqueous zinc-ion battery",
      "abbr": "AZIB",
      "aka": [
        "zinc-ion battery",
        "Zn-ion",
        "ZIB"
      ],
      "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
      "definition": "A rechargeable cell with a zinc-metal negative and mildly acidic zinc sulfate electrolyte, in which Zn²⁺ ions and protons insert into a manganese oxide or vanadium oxide positive. It is cheap, non-flammable and runs at about 1.3–1.5 V, aimed at stationary storage; dendrites, hydrogen evolution and dissolution of the positive limit cycle life.",
      "related": [
        "aqueous-battery",
        "alkaline-cell",
        "dendrite",
        "stationary-storage",
        "nickel-zinc"
      ],
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/aqueous-zinc-ion/",
      "mentions": [
        "electrolyte",
        "cycle-life",
        "manganese"
      ]
    }
  },
  "edges": [
    {
      "id": "edge:5996",
      "source": "term:aqueous-zinc-ion",
      "target": "topic:topic-other-chemistries",
      "type": "belongsTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5997",
      "source": "term:aqueous-zinc-ion",
      "target": "term:aqueous-battery",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5998",
      "source": "term:aqueous-zinc-ion",
      "target": "term:alkaline-cell",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5999",
      "source": "term:aqueous-zinc-ion",
      "target": "term:dendrite",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:6000",
      "source": "term:aqueous-zinc-ion",
      "target": "term:stationary-storage",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:6001",
      "source": "term:aqueous-zinc-ion",
      "target": "term:nickel-zinc",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/aqueous-zinc-ion/electrolyte",
      "source": "term:aqueous-zinc-ion",
      "target": "term:electrolyte",
      "type": "mentions",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions",
        "field": "definition",
        "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/aqueous-zinc-ion/cycle-life",
      "source": "term:aqueous-zinc-ion",
      "target": "term:cycle-life",
      "type": "mentions",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions",
        "field": "definition",
        "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/aqueous-zinc-ion/manganese",
      "source": "term:aqueous-zinc-ion",
      "target": "term:manganese",
      "type": "mentions",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions",
        "field": "definition",
        "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
      }
    }
  ],
  "neighbors": [
    {
      "id": "topic:topic-other-chemistries",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Other and emerging chemistries",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "name": "Other and emerging chemistries",
        "lede": "Batteries beyond today’s lithium-ion: lead, nickel and primary cells, flow and metal–air batteries, solid-state and lithium-metal cells, and the multivalent and sodium chemistries in development.",
        "context": "Do not carry lithium-ion assumptions into every chemistry.",
        "example": "Two chemistries can meet the same energy target with different voltage windows and charge termination.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/cell-anatomy/",
        "lesson_label": "Open cell anatomy"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:aqueous-battery",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Aqueous battery",
      "properties": {
        "id": "aqueous-battery",
        "name": "Aqueous battery",
        "aka": [
          "water-based battery",
          "aqueous electrolyte battery"
        ],
        "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "definition": "Any battery whose electrolyte is water-based, from lead–acid and nickel–metal hydride to aqueous zinc-ion and sodium-ion designs. Water is cheap, non-flammable and highly conductive, but it splits at 1.23 V in theory and around 2 V in practice, which caps cell voltage and energy density.",
        "related": [
          "lead-acid",
          "nickel-metal-hydride",
          "aqueous-zinc-ion",
          "electrochemical-stability-window",
          "high-concentration-electrolyte",
          "flammability"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/aqueous-battery/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrolyte",
          "energy-density",
          "cell-voltage"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:alkaline-cell",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Alkaline cell",
      "properties": {
        "id": "alkaline-cell",
        "name": "Alkaline cell",
        "aka": [
          "zinc–manganese dioxide"
        ],
        "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "definition": "The common 1.5 V single-use cell, with a zinc negative electrode and manganese dioxide positive in potassium hydroxide electrolyte. It is the reference point for most people’s idea of a battery, and is not rechargeable.",
        "related": [
          "primary-cell",
          "zinc-air",
          "nominal-voltage",
          "zinc-carbon"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/alkaline-cell/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "negative-electrode",
          "electrolyte",
          "manganese"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:dendrite",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Dendrite",
      "properties": {
        "id": "dendrite",
        "name": "Dendrite",
        "section": "topic-aging",
        "definition": "A tree-like metal deposit that can grow from the negative electrode through the separator, raising self-discharge or causing an internal short circuit.",
        "related": [
          "lithium-plating",
          "internal-short-circuit",
          "lithium-metal-anode",
          "separator"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/battery-aging/#plating",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/dendrite/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "negative-electrode",
          "self-discharge",
          "short-circuit"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:stationary-storage",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Stationary storage",
      "properties": {
        "id": "stationary-storage",
        "name": "Stationary storage",
        "abbr": "BESS",
        "aka": [
          "battery energy storage system",
          "ESS"
        ],
        "section": "topic-applications",
        "definition": "Batteries installed in a fixed place — a container at a solar farm, a cabinet in a home — to shift energy in time or support the grid. LFP cells dominate because cost per cycle and safety matter more than mass.",
        "related": [
          "lfp",
          "energy-management-system",
          "inverter",
          "energy-arbitrage",
          "long-duration-storage",
          "ul-9540a"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/stationary-storage/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:nickel-zinc",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Nickel–zinc battery",
      "properties": {
        "id": "nickel-zinc",
        "name": "Nickel–zinc battery",
        "abbr": "NiZn",
        "aka": [
          "Ni–Zn"
        ],
        "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "definition": "An alkaline rechargeable cell with a nickel oxyhydroxide positive and zinc negative, giving about 1.6 V — more than NiMH — with good power and no flammable electrolyte. Zinc dissolves and redeposits unevenly, changing shape and growing dendrites, which limits cycle life; it is used in AA cells and in high-power backup supplies for data centres.",
        "related": [
          "nickel-metal-hydride",
          "aqueous-battery",
          "dendrite",
          "silver-zinc",
          "aqueous-zinc-ion"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/nickel-zinc/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrolyte",
          "cycle-life"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:electrolyte",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Electrolyte",
      "properties": {
        "id": "electrolyte",
        "name": "Electrolyte",
        "section": "topic-electrolytes",
        "definition": "The ion-conducting medium between the electrodes. In a liquid-electrolyte cell it fills the pores of both electrodes and the separator, so it is not a separate structural layer.",
        "related": [
          "lithium-salt",
          "carbonate-solvent",
          "electrolyte-additive",
          "ionic-conductivity",
          "solid-electrolyte",
          "ionic-liquid-electrolyte"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-architecture/#electrolyte",
        "example": {
          "title": "Ions and electrons",
          "text": "Electrolyte carries ions between electrodes; the external circuit carries electrons. The two paths serve different roles."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/electrolyte/",
        "mentions": [
          "separator"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:cycle-life",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Cycle life",
      "properties": {
        "id": "cycle-life",
        "name": "Cycle life",
        "section": "topic-ratings",
        "definition": "The number of full charge–discharge cycles a cell completes before its capacity falls to a stated fraction, usually 80 %, of its initial value under defined conditions. LFP cells reach several thousand cycles; high-energy NMC fewer.",
        "unit": "cycles",
        "related": [
          "end-of-life",
          "capacity-fade",
          "depth-of-discharge",
          "calendar-life",
          "equivalent-full-cycle",
          "cycle-life-test"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/cycle-life/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:manganese",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Manganese",
      "properties": {
        "id": "manganese",
        "name": "Manganese",
        "aka": [
          "manganese sulfate",
          "high-purity manganese sulfate",
          "HPMSM"
        ],
        "section": "topic-sustainability",
        "definition": "A cheap, abundant metal used in NMC, LMO and LMFP positive electrodes and in alkaline cells. Ore comes mostly from South Africa, Gabon and Australia, but about 95 % of battery-grade high-purity manganese sulfate was refined in China in 2024, which puts manganese on critical-raw-material lists despite plentiful reserves.",
        "related": [
          "nmc",
          "lmo",
          "lmfp",
          "critical-raw-materials",
          "cobalt",
          "nickel-sulfate"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/manganese/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    }
  ]
}