{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:aqueous-battery",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "Aqueous battery",
    "properties": {
      "id": "aqueous-battery",
      "name": "Aqueous battery",
      "aka": [
        "water-based battery",
        "aqueous electrolyte battery"
      ],
      "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
      "definition": "Any battery whose electrolyte is water-based, from lead–acid and nickel–metal hydride to aqueous zinc-ion and sodium-ion designs. Water is cheap, non-flammable and highly conductive, but it splits at 1.23 V in theory and around 2 V in practice, which caps cell voltage and energy density.",
      "related": [
        "lead-acid",
        "nickel-metal-hydride",
        "aqueous-zinc-ion",
        "electrochemical-stability-window",
        "high-concentration-electrolyte",
        "flammability"
      ],
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/aqueous-battery/",
      "mentions": [
        "electrolyte",
        "energy-density",
        "cell-voltage"
      ]
    }
  },
  "edges": [
    {
      "id": "edge:5813",
      "source": "term:aqueous-battery",
      "target": "topic:topic-other-chemistries",
      "type": "belongsTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5814",
      "source": "term:aqueous-battery",
      "target": "term:lead-acid",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5815",
      "source": "term:aqueous-battery",
      "target": "term:nickel-metal-hydride",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5816",
      "source": "term:aqueous-battery",
      "target": "term:aqueous-zinc-ion",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5817",
      "source": "term:aqueous-battery",
      "target": "term:electrochemical-stability-window",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5818",
      "source": "term:aqueous-battery",
      "target": "term:high-concentration-electrolyte",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5819",
      "source": "term:aqueous-battery",
      "target": "term:flammability",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/aqueous-battery/electrolyte",
      "source": "term:aqueous-battery",
      "target": "term:electrolyte",
      "type": "mentions",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions",
        "field": "definition",
        "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/aqueous-battery/energy-density",
      "source": "term:aqueous-battery",
      "target": "term:energy-density",
      "type": "mentions",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions",
        "field": "definition",
        "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/aqueous-battery/cell-voltage",
      "source": "term:aqueous-battery",
      "target": "term:cell-voltage",
      "type": "mentions",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions",
        "field": "definition",
        "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
      }
    }
  ],
  "neighbors": [
    {
      "id": "topic:topic-other-chemistries",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Other and emerging chemistries",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "name": "Other and emerging chemistries",
        "lede": "Batteries beyond today’s lithium-ion: lead, nickel and primary cells, flow and metal–air batteries, solid-state and lithium-metal cells, and the multivalent and sodium chemistries in development.",
        "context": "Do not carry lithium-ion assumptions into every chemistry.",
        "example": "Two chemistries can meet the same energy target with different voltage windows and charge termination.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/cell-anatomy/",
        "lesson_label": "Open cell anatomy"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:lead-acid",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Lead–acid battery",
      "properties": {
        "id": "lead-acid",
        "name": "Lead–acid battery",
        "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "definition": "The oldest rechargeable chemistry, lead and lead dioxide electrodes in sulfuric acid, at 2 V per cell. Heavy and short-lived in deep cycling but cheap, recyclable and good at cold cranking, it still starts most cars and backs up most telecom sites.",
        "related": [
          "nominal-voltage",
          "recycling",
          "specific-energy"
        ],
        "lesson": "labs/battery-materials-lab/#bml-market",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/lead-acid/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:nickel-metal-hydride",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Nickel–metal hydride battery",
      "properties": {
        "id": "nickel-metal-hydride",
        "name": "Nickel–metal hydride battery",
        "abbr": "NiMH",
        "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "definition": "A 1.2 V aqueous cell with a nickel hydroxide positive electrode and a hydrogen-absorbing alloy negative. It powered hybrid cars for two decades and is tolerant of abuse, but lithium-ion stores two to three times more energy per kilogram.",
        "related": [
          "hybrid-vehicle",
          "memory-effect",
          "specific-energy",
          "bipolar-battery",
          "nickel-hydrogen"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/nickel-metal-hydride/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "positive-electrode"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:aqueous-zinc-ion",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Aqueous zinc-ion battery",
      "properties": {
        "id": "aqueous-zinc-ion",
        "name": "Aqueous zinc-ion battery",
        "abbr": "AZIB",
        "aka": [
          "zinc-ion battery",
          "Zn-ion",
          "ZIB"
        ],
        "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "definition": "A rechargeable cell with a zinc-metal negative and mildly acidic zinc sulfate electrolyte, in which Zn²⁺ ions and protons insert into a manganese oxide or vanadium oxide positive. It is cheap, non-flammable and runs at about 1.3–1.5 V, aimed at stationary storage; dendrites, hydrogen evolution and dissolution of the positive limit cycle life.",
        "related": [
          "aqueous-battery",
          "alkaline-cell",
          "dendrite",
          "stationary-storage",
          "nickel-zinc"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/aqueous-zinc-ion/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrolyte",
          "cycle-life",
          "manganese"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:electrochemical-stability-window",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Electrochemical stability window",
      "properties": {
        "id": "electrochemical-stability-window",
        "name": "Electrochemical stability window",
        "section": "topic-electrochemistry",
        "definition": "The potential range within which an electrolyte is neither reduced nor oxidised. Carbonate electrolytes are only stable from about 1 V to 4.3 V vs Li/Li⁺; graphite operates below that, which is why the SEI, not thermodynamics, keeps the cell alive.",
        "unit": "V",
        "related": [
          "electrolyte-decomposition",
          "sei",
          "voltage-window",
          "lnmo",
          "homo-lumo"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/electrochemical-stability-window/",
        "mentions": [
          "graphite",
          "electrolyte"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:high-concentration-electrolyte",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "High-concentration electrolyte",
      "properties": {
        "id": "high-concentration-electrolyte",
        "name": "High-concentration electrolyte",
        "abbr": "HCE",
        "aka": [
          "superconcentrated electrolyte",
          "localised high-concentration electrolyte",
          "LHCE",
          "water-in-salt electrolyte"
        ],
        "section": "topic-electrolytes",
        "definition": "An electrolyte with so much salt, often 3–5 mol/L instead of the usual 1, that nearly every solvent molecule is bound to a lithium ion. Anions then decompose first and build a robust inorganic interphase, and oxidation stability rises. Viscosity and cost are high, so localised versions dilute it with a non-solvating fluorinated ether that keeps the clustered solvation structure.",
        "related": [
          "lithium-salt",
          "solvation",
          "fluorinated-electrolyte",
          "lifsi",
          "aqueous-battery",
          "acetonitrile-electrolyte"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/high-concentration-electrolyte/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrolyte",
          "oxidation"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:flammability",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Flammability",
      "properties": {
        "id": "flammability",
        "name": "Flammability",
        "section": "topic-safety",
        "definition": "The property that makes lithium-ion fires hard to fight: the carbonate solvents have flash points near room temperature, and the positive electrode releases its own oxygen when hot, so the fire does not need air. Solid and non-flammable electrolytes aim to remove this.",
        "related": [
          "carbonate-solvent",
          "thermal-runaway",
          "solid-state-battery",
          "fire-suppression"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/flammability/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "positive-electrode"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:electrolyte",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Electrolyte",
      "properties": {
        "id": "electrolyte",
        "name": "Electrolyte",
        "section": "topic-electrolytes",
        "definition": "The ion-conducting medium between the electrodes. In a liquid-electrolyte cell it fills the pores of both electrodes and the separator, so it is not a separate structural layer.",
        "related": [
          "lithium-salt",
          "carbonate-solvent",
          "electrolyte-additive",
          "ionic-conductivity",
          "solid-electrolyte",
          "ionic-liquid-electrolyte"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-architecture/#electrolyte",
        "example": {
          "title": "Ions and electrons",
          "text": "Electrolyte carries ions between electrodes; the external circuit carries electrons. The two paths serve different roles."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/electrolyte/",
        "mentions": [
          "separator"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:energy-density",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Energy density",
      "properties": {
        "id": "energy-density",
        "name": "Energy density",
        "aka": [
          "volumetric energy density"
        ],
        "section": "topic-ratings",
        "definition": "Stored energy per unit volume, in watt-hours per litre. It is the figure that matters when space is the constraint, as in a phone or under a car floor; high-energy cylindrical cells pass 700 Wh/L.",
        "unit": "Wh/L",
        "related": [
          "specific-energy",
          "nominal-energy",
          "ragone-plot",
          "areal-loading"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/capacity-and-c-rate/#energy",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/energy-density/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:cell-voltage",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Cell voltage",
      "properties": {
        "id": "cell-voltage",
        "name": "Cell voltage",
        "aka": [
          "electromotive force",
          "EMF"
        ],
        "section": "topic-electrochemistry",
        "definition": "The difference between the positive and negative electrode potentials at equilibrium: for NMC against graphite about 3.7 V. It is set by the chemistry, and the difference in Gibbs free energy of the cell reaction per unit charge.",
        "formula": "E = E₊ − E₋ = −ΔG / nF",
        "unit": "V",
        "related": [
          "electrode-potential",
          "gibbs-free-energy",
          "open-circuit-voltage",
          "nominal-voltage"
        ],
        "example": {
          "title": "Subtract equilibrium electrode potentials",
          "text": "If two illustrative electrode potentials are 4.0 V and 0.2 V versus the same reference, their equilibrium cell voltage is 3.8 V. Under load, resistance and polarization change the measured terminal voltage."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/cell-voltage/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "negative-electrode",
          "graphite"
        ]
      }
    }
  ]
}