{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:aluminium-air",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "Aluminium–air battery",
    "properties": {
      "id": "aluminium-air",
      "name": "Aluminium–air battery",
      "abbr": "Al–air",
      "aka": [
        "aluminum-air battery"
      ],
      "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
      "definition": "A primary cell that oxidises an aluminium plate with oxygen from the air in an alkaline or saline electrolyte. Aluminium’s theoretical specific energy is about 8 kWh/kg, so practical cells are very energy-dense, but they cannot be recharged electrically: the spent hydroxide must be collected and smelted back into metal, and the plate corrodes while idle.",
      "related": [
        "zinc-air",
        "lithium-air",
        "primary-cell",
        "aluminium-ion",
        "iron-air"
      ],
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/aluminium-air/",
      "mentions": [
        "kilowatt-hour",
        "electrolyte",
        "specific-energy"
      ]
    }
  },
  "edges": [
    {
      "id": "edge:5839",
      "source": "term:aluminium-air",
      "target": "topic:topic-other-chemistries",
      "type": "belongsTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5840",
      "source": "term:aluminium-air",
      "target": "term:zinc-air",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5841",
      "source": "term:aluminium-air",
      "target": "term:lithium-air",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5842",
      "source": "term:aluminium-air",
      "target": "term:primary-cell",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5843",
      "source": "term:aluminium-air",
      "target": "term:aluminium-ion",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5844",
      "source": "term:aluminium-air",
      "target": "term:iron-air",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/aluminium-air/kilowatt-hour",
      "source": "term:aluminium-air",
      "target": "term:kilowatt-hour",
      "type": "mentions",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions",
        "field": "definition",
        "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/aluminium-air/electrolyte",
      "source": "term:aluminium-air",
      "target": "term:electrolyte",
      "type": "mentions",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions",
        "field": "definition",
        "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/aluminium-air/specific-energy",
      "source": "term:aluminium-air",
      "target": "term:specific-energy",
      "type": "mentions",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions",
        "field": "definition",
        "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
      }
    }
  ],
  "neighbors": [
    {
      "id": "topic:topic-other-chemistries",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Other and emerging chemistries",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "name": "Other and emerging chemistries",
        "lede": "Batteries beyond today’s lithium-ion: lead, nickel and primary cells, flow and metal–air batteries, solid-state and lithium-metal cells, and the multivalent and sodium chemistries in development.",
        "context": "Do not carry lithium-ion assumptions into every chemistry.",
        "example": "Two chemistries can meet the same energy target with different voltage windows and charge termination.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/cell-anatomy/",
        "lesson_label": "Open cell anatomy"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:zinc-air",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Zinc–air cell",
      "properties": {
        "id": "zinc-air",
        "name": "Zinc–air cell",
        "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "definition": "A cell whose positive electrode uses oxygen from the air, so almost all its volume is zinc and its energy density is very high. It powers hearing aids as a primary cell; rechargeable versions are being developed for grid storage.",
        "related": [
          "primary-cell",
          "alkaline-cell",
          "long-duration-storage"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/zinc-air/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "positive-electrode",
          "energy-density"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:lithium-air",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Lithium–air battery",
      "properties": {
        "id": "lithium-air",
        "name": "Lithium–air battery",
        "abbr": "Li–O₂",
        "aka": [
          "lithium–oxygen battery",
          "Li–air"
        ],
        "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "definition": "A cell in which lithium metal reacts with oxygen at a porous carbon positive, forming lithium peroxide on discharge. Counting the peroxide’s mass, theoretical specific energy is about 3,500 Wh/kg, several times lithium-ion. Insulating peroxide clogs the electrode, charging needs large overpotentials, and moisture and CO₂ in real air poison the reaction.",
        "related": [
          "lithium-metal-battery",
          "zinc-air",
          "lithium-sulfur",
          "overpotential",
          "conversion-reaction",
          "redox-mediator"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/lithium-air/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "specific-energy"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:primary-cell",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Primary cell",
      "properties": {
        "id": "primary-cell",
        "name": "Primary cell",
        "aka": [
          "non-rechargeable battery"
        ],
        "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "definition": "A cell designed to be discharged once and not recharged, such as an alkaline or lithium–manganese dioxide cell. Its reaction is not reversible in practice, unlike the secondary cells this glossary is mostly about.",
        "related": [
          "secondary-cell",
          "lithium-ion",
          "iec-60086-5",
          "lithium-iron-disulfide"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/primary-cell/",
        "mentions": [
          "lithium-manganese-dioxide",
          "manganese"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:aluminium-ion",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Aluminium-ion battery",
      "properties": {
        "id": "aluminium-ion",
        "name": "Aluminium-ion battery",
        "abbr": "Al-ion",
        "aka": [
          "aluminum-ion battery",
          "graphene aluminium-ion battery"
        ],
        "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "definition": "A rechargeable cell with an aluminium-metal negative electrode, usually in a chloroaluminate ionic liquid, in which chloroaluminate anions rather than bare Al³⁺ ions shuttle and intercalate into a graphite or graphene positive. Demonstrations reach about 2 V and thousands of fast cycles, but the positive’s low capacity keeps energy density modest; graphene versions are pursued commercially.",
        "related": [
          "ionic-liquid-electrolyte",
          "dual-ion-battery",
          "graphite",
          "aluminium-air",
          "intercalation"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/aluminium-ion/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "negative-electrode",
          "energy-density"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:iron-air",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Iron–air battery",
      "properties": {
        "id": "iron-air",
        "name": "Iron–air battery",
        "aka": [
          "Fe–air battery",
          "rust battery"
        ],
        "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "definition": "A rechargeable alkaline cell that oxidises iron to iron hydroxide — reversible rusting — with oxygen drawn from the air, then reduces it back on charge. Iron is cheap enough that systems built for about 100 hours of discharge make sense for multi-day grid storage, though round-trip efficiency is low and hydrogen evolution on the iron wastes charge.",
        "related": [
          "long-duration-storage",
          "zinc-air",
          "nickel-iron",
          "stationary-storage",
          "levelized-cost-of-storage",
          "energy-efficiency"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/iron-air/",
        "mentions": [
          "alkaline-cell"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:kilowatt-hour",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Kilowatt-hour",
      "properties": {
        "id": "kilowatt-hour",
        "name": "Kilowatt-hour",
        "abbr": "kWh",
        "section": "topic-units",
        "definition": "One thousand watt-hours, the unit for pack and system energy. An electric car carries 40–100 kWh; grid storage is quoted in megawatt-hours (1000 kWh) and factory output in gigawatt-hours per year.",
        "unit": "kWh",
        "related": [
          "watt-hour",
          "nominal-energy",
          "cost-per-kwh",
          "gigafactory"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/kilowatt-hour/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:electrolyte",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Electrolyte",
      "properties": {
        "id": "electrolyte",
        "name": "Electrolyte",
        "section": "topic-electrolytes",
        "definition": "The ion-conducting medium between the electrodes. In a liquid-electrolyte cell it fills the pores of both electrodes and the separator, so it is not a separate structural layer.",
        "related": [
          "lithium-salt",
          "carbonate-solvent",
          "electrolyte-additive",
          "ionic-conductivity",
          "solid-electrolyte",
          "ionic-liquid-electrolyte"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-architecture/#electrolyte",
        "example": {
          "title": "Ions and electrons",
          "text": "Electrolyte carries ions between electrodes; the external circuit carries electrons. The two paths serve different roles."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/electrolyte/",
        "mentions": [
          "separator"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:specific-energy",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Specific energy",
      "properties": {
        "id": "specific-energy",
        "name": "Specific energy",
        "aka": [
          "gravimetric energy density"
        ],
        "section": "topic-ratings",
        "definition": "Stored energy per unit mass, in watt-hours per kilogram. Commercial lithium-ion cells range from about 160 Wh/kg for LFP to around 270 Wh/kg for high-nickel chemistries; at pack level the figure drops by a quarter or more.",
        "unit": "Wh/kg",
        "related": [
          "energy-density",
          "cell-to-pack-ratio",
          "specific-capacity",
          "ragone-plot"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/capacity-and-c-rate/#energy",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/specific-energy/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    }
  ]
}