{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:aging",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "Aging",
    "properties": {
      "id": "aging",
      "name": "Aging",
      "aka": [
        "degradation"
      ],
      "section": "topic-aging",
      "definition": "The gradual, irreversible change in a cell’s capacity, resistance and safety margins over time and use. It is the sum of many chemical and mechanical mechanisms, each driven by temperature, state of charge, current and cycle depth.",
      "related": [
        "calendar-aging",
        "cycle-aging",
        "capacity-fade",
        "impedance-rise",
        "aging-mechanism"
      ],
      "lesson": "fundamentals/battery-aging/#chain",
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/aging/",
      "mentions": [
        "state-of-charge"
      ]
    }
  },
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      "id": "edge:1345",
      "source": "term:aging",
      "target": "term:calendar-aging",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
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    {
      "id": "edge:1346",
      "source": "term:aging",
      "target": "term:cycle-aging",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
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      "id": "edge:1347",
      "source": "term:aging",
      "target": "term:capacity-fade",
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        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
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      "id": "edge:1348",
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      "target": "term:impedance-rise",
      "type": "relatedTo",
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        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
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        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
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      "source": "term:aging",
      "target": "term:state-of-charge",
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      "source": "term:aging",
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        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/battery-aging/#chain"
      }
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    {
      "id": "topic:topic-aging",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Aging and degradation",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-aging",
        "name": "Aging and degradation",
        "lede": "Why a cell loses capacity and gains resistance, and the mechanisms behind it.",
        "context": "Separate mechanisms, observations and fitted models.",
        "example": "Capacity loss and resistance rise can have different causes; a film-growth curve cannot identify both.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/battery-aging/",
        "lesson_label": "Open aging"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:calendar-aging",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Calendar aging",
      "properties": {
        "id": "calendar-aging",
        "name": "Calendar aging",
        "section": "topic-aging",
        "definition": "Degradation that happens with time even when a cell is not cycled — in storage, for example. It is driven mainly by side reactions such as SEI growth and accelerates with temperature.",
        "related": [
          "cycle-aging",
          "sei",
          "arrhenius",
          "square-root-of-time",
          "calendar-life"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/battery-aging/#whole-cell",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/calendar-aging/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:cycle-aging",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Cycle aging",
      "properties": {
        "id": "cycle-aging",
        "name": "Cycle aging",
        "section": "topic-aging",
        "definition": "Degradation caused by charging and discharging: mechanical strain in the particles, fresh SEI on cracked surfaces and, at high rate or low temperature, lithium plating. It scales with charge throughput and grows with depth of discharge and C-rate.",
        "related": [
          "calendar-aging",
          "particle-cracking",
          "lithium-plating",
          "depth-of-discharge",
          "equivalent-full-cycle"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/battery-aging/#cracking",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/cycle-aging/",
        "mentions": [
          "sei",
          "c-rate",
          "energy-throughput"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:capacity-fade",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Capacity fade",
      "properties": {
        "id": "capacity-fade",
        "name": "Capacity fade",
        "section": "topic-aging",
        "definition": "The loss of charge a cell can store and deliver, for example through lithium locked into the SEI or active material that has cracked out of service.",
        "related": [
          "loss-of-lithium-inventory",
          "loss-of-active-material",
          "state-of-health",
          "knee-point"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/battery-aging/#chain",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/capacity-fade/",
        "mentions": [
          "active-material",
          "sei"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:impedance-rise",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Impedance rise",
      "properties": {
        "id": "impedance-rise",
        "name": "Impedance rise",
        "aka": [
          "resistance growth",
          "power fade"
        ],
        "section": "topic-aging",
        "definition": "An increase in a cell’s internal resistance as it ages. It costs voltage under load and therefore power, even while the stored charge is still there.",
        "related": [
          "internal-resistance",
          "sei",
          "cei",
          "state-of-power",
          "state-of-health"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/battery-aging/#crystals",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/impedance-rise/",
        "mentions": [
          "closed-circuit-voltage"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:aging-mechanism",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Aging mechanism",
      "properties": {
        "id": "aging-mechanism",
        "name": "Aging mechanism",
        "aka": [
          "degradation mode"
        ],
        "section": "topic-aging",
        "definition": "A specific physical or chemical process that degrades a cell — SEI growth, lithium plating, particle cracking, transition-metal dissolution. Mechanisms are grouped into three modes: loss of lithium inventory, loss of active material and resistance increase.",
        "related": [
          "loss-of-lithium-inventory",
          "loss-of-active-material",
          "impedance-rise",
          "aging"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/battery-aging/#where",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/aging-mechanism/",
        "mentions": [
          "active-material",
          "sei",
          "lithium-plating",
          "particle-cracking",
          "transition-metal-dissolution"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:state-of-charge",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "State of charge",
      "properties": {
        "id": "state-of-charge",
        "name": "State of charge",
        "abbr": "SOC",
        "section": "topic-state",
        "definition": "How full a cell is, as a fraction of its available capacity. State of charge, like temperature, affects how fast a stored cell ages.",
        "unit": "%",
        "related": [
          "depth-of-discharge",
          "ocv-soc-curve",
          "coulomb-counting",
          "state-of-health",
          "bms"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/battery-aging/#storage-soc",
        "example": {
          "title": "Interpret a charge inventory",
          "text": "If available capacity is 5 Ah and 3 Ah remains by the chosen estimator, SOC is 60%. A different estimate of available capacity changes this percentage, so compare SOC values only with the capacity convention recorded."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/state-of-charge/",
        "mentions": [
          "usable-capacity"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "lesson:fundamentals/battery-aging/",
      "type": "Lesson",
      "label": "Lesson 4 · Battery aging",
      "properties": {
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/battery-aging/"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "visual:film",
      "type": "Visual",
      "label": "Diffusion-limited film growth",
      "properties": {
        "title": "Diffusion-limited film growth",
        "summary": "Four times the elapsed time gives twice the film thickness in this model.",
        "readout": "At four reference time units, thickness is 2× the reference thickness.",
        "formula": "δ / δ_ref = √[(t / t_ref) A]",
        "note": "Normalized analytical relation, not a capacity-loss or SOH prediction.",
        "software": {
          "status": "implemented",
          "label": "Implemented in battery-core",
          "body": "parabolic_film_thickness uses reference thickness × √(relative time × acceleration). Converting film thickness to capacity loss requires a calibrated relationship.",
          "href": "../fundamentals/battery-aging/"
        },
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    {
      "id": "reference:edge-degradation",
      "type": "Reference",
      "label": "Lithium ion battery degradation: what you need to know",
      "properties": {
        "title": "Lithium ion battery degradation: what you need to know",
        "publisher": "Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.1039/D1CP00359C",
        "type": "Review article",
        "scope": "Degradation mechanisms, modes, operational effects and their interactions.",
        "year": 2021,
        "accessed": "2026-10-27"
      }
    }
  ]
}
