{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:adc",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "Analog-to-digital converter",
    "properties": {
      "id": "adc",
      "name": "Analog-to-digital converter",
      "abbr": "ADC",
      "section": "topic-data",
      "definition": "The circuit that turns a voltage into a number. In a BMS its resolution, offset and drift set the floor for voltage and current accuracy: one millivolt of cell-voltage error is several percent of SOC on a flat LFP curve.",
      "related": [
        "afe",
        "current-sensor",
        "voltage-sense",
        "coulomb-counting",
        "ocv-soc-curve"
      ],
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/adc/",
      "mentions": [
        "state-of-charge",
        "bms"
      ]
    }
  },
  "edges": [
    {
      "id": "edge:4059",
      "source": "term:adc",
      "target": "topic:topic-data",
      "type": "belongsTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:4060",
      "source": "term:adc",
      "target": "term:afe",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:4061",
      "source": "term:adc",
      "target": "term:current-sensor",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:4062",
      "source": "term:adc",
      "target": "term:voltage-sense",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:4063",
      "source": "term:adc",
      "target": "term:coulomb-counting",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:4064",
      "source": "term:adc",
      "target": "term:ocv-soc-curve",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/adc/state-of-charge",
      "source": "term:adc",
      "target": "term:state-of-charge",
      "type": "mentions",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions",
        "field": "definition",
        "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/adc/bms",
      "source": "term:adc",
      "target": "term:bms",
      "type": "mentions",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions",
        "field": "definition",
        "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:4067",
      "source": "term:adc",
      "target": "reference:ti-bms",
      "type": "cites",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "wiki-references.json",
        "scope": "direct technical reference"
      }
    }
  ],
  "neighbors": [
    {
      "id": "topic:topic-data",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Data, communication and electronics",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-data",
        "name": "Data, communication and electronics",
        "lede": "The control units, chips, protocols and file formats through which a battery is measured, controlled and logged.",
        "context": "Separate quantities from encoding and transport.",
        "example": "2500 in a log might mean 25.00 °C, 2.5 V or raw counts. Units and scale must accompany the value.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/battery-basics/",
        "lesson_label": "Open battery basics"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:afe",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Analog front end",
      "properties": {
        "id": "afe",
        "name": "Analog front end",
        "abbr": "AFE",
        "aka": [
          "cell monitoring IC",
          "battery monitor IC",
          "BMIC"
        ],
        "section": "topic-data",
        "definition": "The integrated circuit that measures a stack of series cells — typically 6 to 18 per chip — with millivolt accuracy, reads thermistors, switches balancing and talks to the controller over an isolated daisy chain. It is the part of a BMS that touches the cells, and its accuracy limits how well SOC can be known.",
        "related": [
          "cell-supervision-circuit",
          "isospi",
          "voltage-sense",
          "cell-balancing",
          "adc",
          "bmu"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/afe/",
        "mentions": [
          "state-of-charge",
          "bms"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:current-sensor",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Current sensor",
      "properties": {
        "id": "current-sensor",
        "name": "Current sensor",
        "aka": [
          "shunt",
          "Hall sensor"
        ],
        "section": "topic-pack",
        "definition": "The device that measures pack current for coulomb counting and protection: a precision shunt resistor read by an amplifier, or a Hall-effect sensor around the cable. Offset error in this sensor is what makes SOC drift between OCV corrections.",
        "related": [
          "coulomb-counting",
          "bms",
          "battery-disconnect-unit",
          "state-of-charge"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/current-sensor/",
        "mentions": [
          "coulomb",
          "open-circuit-voltage"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:voltage-sense",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Voltage sensing",
      "properties": {
        "id": "voltage-sense",
        "name": "Voltage sensing",
        "aka": [
          "cell tap",
          "sense line"
        ],
        "section": "topic-pack",
        "definition": "Measuring each series cell group’s voltage through a wire or flexible circuit from its busbar to the monitoring chip. Millivolt accuracy matters because the BMS reads SOC and detects faults from these numbers.",
        "unit": "mV",
        "related": [
          "cell-supervision-circuit",
          "bms",
          "busbar",
          "open-circuit-voltage",
          "afe"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/voltage-sense/",
        "mentions": [
          "state-of-charge"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:coulomb-counting",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Coulomb counting",
      "properties": {
        "id": "coulomb-counting",
        "name": "Coulomb counting",
        "aka": [
          "ampere-hour counting"
        ],
        "section": "topic-state",
        "definition": "Estimating state of charge by integrating the measured current over time. Simple and fast, but sensor offset accumulates, so it is corrected against the OCV–SOC curve at rest or fused with it in a Kalman filter.",
        "formula": "SOC(t) = SOC₀ − ∫ I dt / Q",
        "related": [
          "state-of-charge",
          "ocv-soc-curve",
          "kalman-filter",
          "current-sensor"
        ],
        "example": {
          "title": "Integrate a discharge step",
          "text": "Starting at 80% SOC with a 5 Ah available capacity, an ideal 2 A discharge for 30 min removes 1 Ah and lowers SOC to 60%. This example takes discharge current as positive and ignores efficiency and sensor error."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/coulomb-counting/",
        "mentions": [
          "open-circuit-voltage"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:ocv-soc-curve",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "OCV–SOC curve",
      "properties": {
        "id": "ocv-soc-curve",
        "name": "OCV–SOC curve",
        "section": "topic-state",
        "definition": "The characteristic relation between a cell’s open-circuit voltage and its state of charge, measured once at low current and stored in the BMS. A steep curve, as for NMC, makes SOC easy to read from voltage; LFP’s flat curve does not.",
        "related": [
          "open-circuit-voltage",
          "state-of-charge",
          "coulomb-counting",
          "lfp",
          "voltage-plateau",
          "ocv-test"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/ocv-soc-curve/",
        "mentions": [
          "bms"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:state-of-charge",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "State of charge",
      "properties": {
        "id": "state-of-charge",
        "name": "State of charge",
        "abbr": "SOC",
        "section": "topic-state",
        "definition": "How full a cell is, as a fraction of its available capacity. State of charge, like temperature, affects how fast a stored cell ages.",
        "unit": "%",
        "related": [
          "depth-of-discharge",
          "ocv-soc-curve",
          "coulomb-counting",
          "state-of-health",
          "bms"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/battery-aging/#storage-soc",
        "example": {
          "title": "Interpret a charge inventory",
          "text": "If available capacity is 5 Ah and 3 Ah remains by the chosen estimator, SOC is 60%. A different estimate of available capacity changes this percentage, so compare SOC values only with the capacity convention recorded."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/state-of-charge/",
        "mentions": [
          "usable-capacity"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:bms",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Battery management system",
      "properties": {
        "id": "bms",
        "name": "Battery management system",
        "abbr": "BMS",
        "section": "topic-pack",
        "definition": "The electronics and software that keep a battery inside its safe window: measuring every cell voltage and many temperatures, estimating SOC and SOH, balancing cells, computing current limits, controlling the contactors and reporting over the vehicle network.",
        "related": [
          "state-of-charge",
          "cell-balancing",
          "state-of-power",
          "cell-supervision-circuit",
          "contactor",
          "can-bus"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/battery-basics/#cell-module-pack",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/bms/",
        "mentions": [
          "state-of-health",
          "cell-voltage"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "reference:ti-bms",
      "type": "Reference",
      "label": "Getting Started with the BQ76925",
      "properties": {
        "title": "Getting Started with the BQ76925",
        "publisher": "Texas Instruments",
        "url": "https://www.ti.com/lit/an/slua619b/slua619b.pdf",
        "type": "Application report",
        "scope": "A concrete BMS analog front-end example: cell voltage, current, temperature measurement and MCU integration.",
        "year": 2019,
        "accessed": "2026-10-27"
      }
    }
  ]
}