{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:acetonitrile-electrolyte",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "Acetonitrile electrolyte",
    "properties": {
      "id": "acetonitrile-electrolyte",
      "name": "Acetonitrile electrolyte",
      "abbr": "AN",
      "aka": [
        "acetonitrile",
        "CH₃CN",
        "nitrile electrolyte"
      ],
      "section": "topic-electrolytes",
      "definition": "An electrolyte based on acetonitrile, CH₃CN, a solvent of very low viscosity and high polarity that gives excellent ionic conductivity. It is standard in supercapacitors, but in lithium-ion cells it is reduced on graphite unless the salt is superconcentrated, an approach shown to allow very fast charging. It is flammable and toxic.",
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        "electrolyte",
        "high-concentration-electrolyte",
        "supercapacitor",
        "ionic-conductivity",
        "carbonate-solvent",
        "fast-charging"
      ],
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/acetonitrile-electrolyte/",
      "mentions": [
        "graphite",
        "polarity"
      ]
    }
  },
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      "id": "edge:5763",
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      "id": "edge:5764",
      "source": "term:acetonitrile-electrolyte",
      "target": "term:carbonate-solvent",
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      "id": "edge:5765",
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      "id": "topic:topic-electrolytes",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Electrolytes and separators",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-electrolytes",
        "name": "Electrolytes and separators",
        "lede": "What sits between the electrodes: liquid, gel and solid electrolytes, their salts, solvents and additives, and the separator that keeps the electrodes apart.",
        "context": "Connect transport with electronic isolation.",
        "example": "Greater liquid uptake may improve wetting while changing mechanical behavior. Several properties define separator performance.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/cell-anatomy/",
        "lesson_label": "Open cell anatomy"
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    },
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      "id": "term:electrolyte",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Electrolyte",
      "properties": {
        "id": "electrolyte",
        "name": "Electrolyte",
        "section": "topic-electrolytes",
        "definition": "The ion-conducting medium between the electrodes. In a liquid-electrolyte cell it fills the pores of both electrodes and the separator, so it is not a separate structural layer.",
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          "title": "Ions and electrons",
          "text": "Electrolyte carries ions between electrodes; the external circuit carries electrons. The two paths serve different roles."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/electrolyte/",
        "mentions": [
          "separator"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:high-concentration-electrolyte",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "High-concentration electrolyte",
      "properties": {
        "id": "high-concentration-electrolyte",
        "name": "High-concentration electrolyte",
        "abbr": "HCE",
        "aka": [
          "superconcentrated electrolyte",
          "localised high-concentration electrolyte",
          "LHCE",
          "water-in-salt electrolyte"
        ],
        "section": "topic-electrolytes",
        "definition": "An electrolyte with so much salt, often 3–5 mol/L instead of the usual 1, that nearly every solvent molecule is bound to a lithium ion. Anions then decompose first and build a robust inorganic interphase, and oxidation stability rises. Viscosity and cost are high, so localised versions dilute it with a non-solvating fluorinated ether that keeps the clustered solvation structure.",
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          "fluorinated-electrolyte",
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          "acetonitrile-electrolyte"
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        "mentions": [
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          "oxidation"
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    {
      "id": "term:supercapacitor",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Supercapacitor",
      "properties": {
        "id": "supercapacitor",
        "name": "Supercapacitor",
        "aka": [
          "ultracapacitor",
          "EDLC"
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        "section": "topic-electrochemistry",
        "definition": "A device that stores charge in the electric double layer on high-surface-area carbon rather than in a reaction. It delivers very high power and lasts a million cycles but stores only a few watt-hours per kilogram.",
        "related": [
          "double-layer",
          "specific-power",
          "ragone-plot",
          "hybrid-energy-storage-system"
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        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/supercapacitor/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:ionic-conductivity",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Ionic conductivity",
      "properties": {
        "id": "ionic-conductivity",
        "name": "Ionic conductivity",
        "abbr": "σ",
        "section": "topic-electrochemistry",
        "definition": "How readily an electrolyte carries ions, in siemens per centimetre. Liquid carbonate electrolytes reach about 10 mS/cm at room temperature; the best sulfide solid electrolytes match that, while polymers fall far short unless heated.",
        "unit": "mS/cm",
        "related": [
          "electrolyte",
          "solid-electrolyte",
          "transference-number",
          "siemens"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/ionic-conductivity/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:carbonate-solvent",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Carbonate solvent",
      "properties": {
        "id": "carbonate-solvent",
        "name": "Carbonate solvent",
        "aka": [
          "EC",
          "DMC",
          "EMC",
          "DEC"
        ],
        "section": "topic-electrolytes",
        "definition": "The organic liquids that dissolve the lithium salt: cyclic ethylene carbonate, which forms a stable SEI, blended with linear carbonates such as DMC or EMC to lower viscosity. All are flammable, which is a root of lithium-ion fire risk.",
        "related": [
          "electrolyte",
          "lithium-salt",
          "sei",
          "flammability"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-architecture/#electrolyte",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/carbonate-solvent/",
        "mentions": [
          "ec",
          "dmc",
          "emc"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:fast-charging",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Fast charging",
      "properties": {
        "id": "fast-charging",
        "name": "Fast charging",
        "section": "topic-charging",
        "definition": "Charging intended to replenish a specified amount of energy or state of charge in a short time. There is no universal C-rate threshold: performance depends on cell chemistry, temperature, starting state and power limits. High current can increase heating and lithium-plating risk, requiring appropriate limits.",
        "related": [
          "lithium-plating",
          "c-rate",
          "cc-cv-charging",
          "dc-fast-charging",
          "thermal-management",
          "mscc"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/fast-charging/",
        "mentions": [
          "state-of-charge"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:graphite",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Graphite",
      "properties": {
        "id": "graphite",
        "name": "Graphite",
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "Layered carbon, the negative active material of nearly all lithium-ion cells. Lithium intercalates between its layers up to LiC₆, a theoretical 372 mAh/g, at a potential about 0.1 V above lithium metal.",
        "related": [
          "anode-active-material",
          "intercalation",
          "natural-graphite",
          "synthetic-graphite",
          "lithium-plating"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-anatomy/#components",
        "example": {
          "title": "Compare matching mass bases",
          "text": "A graphite value per gram of active material cannot be directly compared with a value including binder, additive and foil."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/graphite/",
        "mentions": [
          "milliampere-hour",
          "active-material"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:polarity",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Polarity",
      "properties": {
        "id": "polarity",
        "name": "Polarity",
        "aka": [
          "reverse polarity"
        ],
        "section": "topic-units",
        "definition": "Which terminal is positive and which negative. Connecting a cell or charger the wrong way round, reverse polarity, drives current backwards through it and can destroy the cell, the charger or both within seconds.",
        "related": [
          "terminal",
          "cell-reversal",
          "charger"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/polarity/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    }
  ]
}